1789-1803

1. CHAPTER 9 Revolutionary Legacies 1789-1803 CREATED EQUAL JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ

2. “We must guard as a most valuable privilege, the freedom and rights of election. Wherever the wealthy by influence of riches, are enabled to direct the choice of public officers, there the downfall of liberty cannot be very remote.” George James Warner, sail maker in speech on July 4, 1797

3. TIMELINE 1789 George Washington inaugurated French Revolution 1787 Free African Society established 1790 Battle at Maumee River Valley (victory for Miami Indians) 1791 Bill of Rights ratified Whiskey Tax Bank of the United States chartered Congress funds the national debt 1792 Washington reelected Wollstonecraft’s Vindication of the Rights of Women 1793 Neutrality Proclamation The English-French war Reign of Terror Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin

4. TIMELINE 1794 Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania 1795 Pinckney Treaty Indian cessation of land to U.S. 1796 John Adams elected President 1798 Alien and Sedition acts 1801 Jefferson elected President War with the Barbary States and the treaty at Tripoli 1803 The Louisiana Purchase

5. REVOLUTIONARY LEGACIES Overview • Competing Political Visions in the New Nation • People of Color: New Freedoms, New Struggles • Continuity and Change in the West • Shifting Social Identities in the Post-Revolutionary Era • The Election of 1800: Revolution or Reversal?

6. COMPETING POLITICAL VISIONS IN THE NEW NATION • Federalism and Democratic-Republicanism in Action • Planting the Seeds of Industry • Echoes of the American Revolution in the Countryside • Securing Peace Abroad, Suppressing Dissent at Home

7. Federalism and Democratic-Republicanism in Action • 1793: The English-French war and the Reign of Terror • Federalists (Hamilton) sided with the British and desired a stable, strong central government • Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson) sympathized with the French revolution (although abhorred the violence)

8. Hamilton and the Federalists • A strong federal government through fiscal policy • 1790: Congress funded national debt • 1791: Congress issued charter to Bank of the United States hoping to stimulate the economy • 1791: Hamilton favored factories to stimulate growth

9. Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans • Power to individual states and agricultural interests • Favor lower tariffs to benefit farmers and small consumers • Opposed the Bank of the United States • Governments should steer clear of using fiscal power, and exercise restraint in spending and avoid debt

10. Planting the Seeds of Industry • “Report on the Subject of Manufactures” Hamilton (1791) • 1791: Slater and the cotton thread spinning machine (Steam Cotton Manufacturing Company) • 1793: Whitney and the cotton gin • Manufacturing economy region • New England to Pennsylvania

11. Echoes of the American Revolution in the Countryside • Whiskey Rebellion • 1794: President Washington quelled a revolt in Pennsylvania over federal tax collection • Resentment of Federalists having power over rural America • 1799: Another violent opposition to federal taxes failed in its goals

12. Exports of U.S. Cotton, 1789-1800

13. Distribution of Wealth in the United States and Europe, 1798

14. Securing Peace Abroad, Suppressing Dissent at Home • 1795: Chief Justice Jay negotiated treaty with England • England evacuated northern forts and stopped seizures of American ships in exchange for payments of debts to pre-Revolution English creditors • 1795: Pinckney Treaty/Treaty of San Lorenzo • U.S. granted navigation rights on Mississippi • Election of 1796 • 1791: President Adams and Tallyrand’s bribe • 1798: Alien and Sedition Acts • Convention of 1800 in Paris

15. PEOPLE OF COLOR: NEW FREEDOMS, NEW STRUGGLES • Blacks in the North • The Story of Ona Judge • Manumissions in the South

16. Blacks in the North • Between 1790 and 1804, all northern states abolished slavery. • 1792: Congress restricted militia to whites only. • Restrictions on blacks in New England and Mid-Atlantic states included right to vote, jury service, interracial marriage. • Northern black Americans moved into their own homes, worshipped in their own churches and celebrated their own holidays. • 1787: Free African Society • 1794: Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church • Pinkster, Training Day, Negro Election Day, Coronation Day

17. The Story of Ona Judge • Ona Judge: First Lady Martha Washington’s personal attendant, and young enslaved woman • 1790: During move to Philadelphia, Ona escaped, and with help from others went to Portsmouth, NH • 1793: Washington had singed the Fugitive Slave Act: provided that owner must have a judge’s authorization to seize a runaway slave • Washington seeks authorization, saying she had been abducted. Whipple refuses to have her returned after speaking with Ona. • At Washington’s death, he stipulated that his slaves be freed. He had been swayed to anti-slavery thoughts witnessing the black soldiers of the Revolutionary War.

18. Manumissions in the South • Manumissions: Process in which owners release selected slaves from bondage • 1782: Virginia lifted ban on manumissions • 10,000 Virginia slaves gained freedom • 1790-1810: Baltimore’s black population increased by over 5000

19. Growth in the American Free Black Population, 1790-1860

20. CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN THE WEST • Indian Wars in the Great Lakes Region • Indian Acculturation in the West • Land Speculation and Slavery

21. The Northwest Territory

22. Indian Wars in the Great Lakes Region • The Northwest Ordinance riled both whites and Native Americans. • Whites determined to settle and own land; Indians determined to resist • 1790: Miami chief Little Turtle won the battle at Maumee River Valley over Brigadier General Hamar. • 1794: Little Turtle urged Ohio Confederacy to seek peace, but General “Mad Anthony” Wayne met Turkey Foot at British Fort Miami. The Indian warriors were crushed due in part to the refusal of the British to give them shelter in the fort. • 1795: Indians ceded to U.S. all of present day Ohio and most of Indiana.

23. Indian Acculturation in the West • The “middle ground”: Taking some from the European-American way of life and retaining Indian customs. • Alcohol, a crisis among the Indians • 1799: Seneca leader Handsome Lake and the “Good Message” • The Spanish attempted to convert Indians • Chumash • Karankawas

24. The Southwest in 1800

25. Land Speculation and Slavery • Ohio Company of Associates and Georgia’s Yazoo Act • Cotton plantations in Mississippi Territory • Laws restricting free blacks

26. Western Land Claims of the States

27. SHIFTING SOCIAL IDENTITIES IN THE POST-REVOLUTIONARY ERA • The Search for Common Ground • Artisan-Politicians and the Plight of Post-Revolutionary Workers • “Republican Mothers” and Other Well-Off Women • A Loss of Political Influence: The Fate of Non-Elite Women

28. The Search for Common Ground • Mingo Creek Society: tax resisters • Society for the Relief of Poor Widows and Small Children • African churches • The church as family: Baptist and Methodists

29. Artisan-Politicians and the Plight of Post-Revolutionary Workers • Members of a one craft united and cared for one another stressing the equality of all white, freeborn men • General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen • Free men of color took to seafaring jobs • Canal workers; menial laborers • Commercial activity created jobs: moving goods, building, and personal services for merchants

30. “Republican Mothers” and Other Well-Off Women • 1792: Wollstonecraft’s Vindication of the Rights of Women: Equal education for the sexes • 1801: “A Second Vindication of the Rights of Women” by an “American Lady” • “Republican Mothers”: participating in public life as guardians of home and children • Academies for women • Sarah Peirce’s in CT, Susanna Rowon’s in MA • The School of “good manners” • Alice Izard, Eliza Southgate Bowne • “On the Equality of the Sexes” Judith Sargent Murray

31. A Loss of Political Influence: The Fate of Nonelite Women • Indian women lost the power to negotiate treaties and land transactions • Many became indios servientes in Hispanic households in the southwest • Free women of color worked domestic and menial jobs

32. THE ELECTION OF 1800: REVOLUTION OR REVERSAL? • The Enigmatic Thomas Jefferson • Protecting and Expanding the National Interest

33. The Enigmatic Thomas Jefferson • “I have sworn upon the altar of God eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man.” • A supporter of slavery • Notes on the State of Virginia attempted to justify the exclusion of nonwhites from politics. • Jefferson’s view of land ownership was opposed to that of Native Americans resulting in the decline of Indian land and life.

34. Protecting and Expanding the National Interest • 1801: The war with the Barbary States and the treaty with Tripoli • 1803: James Monroe and the Louisiana Purchase