Neuron : Supporting cells : CNS : neuroglia (glia) PNS : Schwann cells and satellite cells

1. Composition of Nervous Tissue • Neuron : • Supporting cells : • CNS : neuroglia (glia) • PNS : Schwann cells and satellite cells • Functions : • physical support • electrical insulation • metabolic exchange • blood-brain barrier

2. Types and Functions of Glia Name of Glial Cell Function Astrocyte (Astroglia) Star-shaped cells that provide physical and nutritional support for neurons: 1) clean up brain"debris"; 2) transport nutrients to neurons; 3) hold neurons in place; 4) digest parts of dead neurons; 5) regulate content of extracellular space Microglia Like astrocytes, microglia digest parts of dead neurons. Oligo-dendroglia Provide the insulation (myelin) to neurons in the central nervous system. Satellite Cells Physical support to neurons in the peripheral nervous system. Schwann Cells Provide the insulation (myelin) to neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

3. Neuroglia in the CNS

4. Neuroglia: Distinguishing Features • Able to replicate! • Importance in nervous system function is VASTLY underestimated! • Evidence is mounting: • Nurturing role • Signaling role (Memory?) • Inflammation • Pain • Many more to come!

5. Properties of Blood Brain Barriers • Presence of tight junctions between the endothelial cells • One of the notable features of endothelial cells in comparison to other cell is the lack of pinocytic vesicles • Selective permeability to molecules based on their molecular weight and lipid solubility • Presence of specific markers • Rich in two enzymes: gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) (for amino acid transport) and alkaline phosphatase (transport of phsopahte ions) used as marker for BBB. • Others: glucose transporter (GLUT-1); endothelial barrier antigen (EBA; unknown function) and antigen recognized by the MRC OX-47 monoclonal antibody (important for cell-to-cell adhesion); transferrin receptor (transport of ferric ions).

6. BBB

7. Glia are different from neurons: 1. Neurons have TWO "processes" called axons and dendrites. Glial cells only have ONE. 2. Neurons CAN generate action potentials. Glial cells CANNOT, however, do have a resting potential. 3. Neurons HAVE synapses that use neurotransmitters. Glial cells do NOT have chemical synapses. 4. Neurons do NOT continue to divide. Glial cells DO continue to divide. 5. There are many MORE (10-50 times more) glial cells in the brain compared to the number of neurons.

8. Nerve Cells

9. Neurons, Glia, Extracellular Space, and Blood

10. Bidirectional Communication Partners in the CNS • Receiving signals from neighboring neurons and responding to them with release of neuroactive substances • Express receptors for almost all neurotransmitters and neuromodulators • Increase of intracellular calcium concentration • Membrane depolarization in astrocytes are common responses to neural activity • Metabolically coupled to neural activity

11. Metabolism of Astrocytes and their Metabolic Cooperation with Neurons • Glucose • Amino acid metabolism • Enzymes: • glutamine synthetase(glutamate-glutamine cycle); • glycogen phosphorylatase (glycogen mobilization); • pyruvate carboxylase (anaplerotic synthesis of oxaloacetate); • cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase (synthesis of taurine); • glycine cleavage system, glycine metabolism.

12. Three Types of Metabolic Cooperation of Astrocytes and Neurons • Supply of the energy substrate lactate to neurons • The recycling of neuronal glutamate by the glutamate-glutamine cycle • The supply by astrocytes of precursors for neuronal glutathione (GSH) synthesis