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JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language

JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language. Sound Changes (1). Consonants : speech-sounds produced when the speaker either stops or severely constricts the airflow in vocal tract. Vowels : speech-sounds produced with a relatively open vocal tract.

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JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language

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  1. JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language Sound Changes (1)

  2. Consonants: speech-sounds produced when the speaker either stops or severely constricts the airflow in vocal tract. • Vowels: speech-sounds produced with a relatively open vocal tract.

  3. Voicing: A voiced sound is produced when air from the lungs causes the vocal folds (vocal cords) to vibrate.

  4. The phonetic system of modern Japanese • How many vowels? How many consonants? • Syllable structures • open syllables (CV) are predominant. • no consonant sequences within a syllable (cf. strike, tips). • Pitch accents (as opposed to stress accents)

  5. 五十音図 (ごじゅうおんず) • What does each kana represent? • mora: a unit larger than “phone”, but smaller than “syllable” • phone = 音 (おん) syllable = 音節 (おんせつ) mora = モーラ, 拍 (はく)

  6. Japanese is a mora-timed language. • English is a stress-timed language: • “Stressed syllables appear at a roughly constant rate, and non-stressed syllables are shortened to accommodate this.” • key vs. keen • 木 (き) vs. 金 (きん) • 木 (き) vs. キー • 餓鬼 (がき) ‘brat’ vs. 楽器 (がっき) ‘musical instrument’

  7. 行 (ぎょう): アカサタナハマヤラワ • 段 (だん): アイウエオ • 清音 (せいおん) ・半濁音 (はんだくおん)・濁音 (だくおん) • 直音 (ちょくおん) ・拗音 (ようおん) • ン, ッ, ー

  8. 委員 (いいん) ‘commission’ • 必死 (ひっし) ‘desperate’ • 客観的 (きゃっかんてき) ‘objective’ • 九州大学 (きゅうしゅうだいがく) • ジェットコースター • Each upper case kana, “ー”, and “っ” counts as one mora. • Lower case kana’s other than “っ” (“ゃ”, “ゅ”, “ょ”, etc.) do not count as one mora.

  9. ア行 (vowels) • ア [a]: low-central-unrounded • イ [i]: high-front-unrounded • ウ [u] ([ɯ]): high-back-unrounded • エ [e]: middle-front-unrounded • オ [o]: middle-back-rounded

  10. short vs. long vowels (短音 たんおん vs. 長音 ちょうおん, 短母音 たんぼいん vs. 長母音 ちょうぼいん) • 岡さん [okasaɴ] vs. お母さん [oka:saɴ] • おばさん [obasaɴ] vs. おばあさん [oba:saɴ] cf. hit [hɪt] vs. heat [hit] hit, hood, … = lax (short) vowels, heat, food, … = tense (long) vowels

  11. Vowel sequences vs. diphothongs • 鷹 [taka] vs. 高い [takai] • 釜 [kama] vs. 構え [kamae]

  12. カ行 • カ: [ka] • キ: [kji] • ク: [ku] • ケ: [ke] • コ: [ko] [k]: voiceless, velar, stop (plosive) [kj]: palatalized [k] palatalization: the phenomenon whereby the tongue body approaches the hard palate (and the lips spread out)

  13. non-palatarized vs. palatarized consonants (直音 ちょくおん vs. 拗音 ようおん) • キャ: [kja] 客 (きゃく) ‘guest’ • キュ: [kju] きゅうり (胡瓜) ‘cucumber’ • (キェ: [kje]) • キョ: [kjo] 距離 (きょり) ‘distance’ キャット [kjat:o] vs. カット [kat:o]

  14. ガ行 • ガ: [ga] • ギ: [gji] • グ: [gu] • ゲ: [ge] • ゴ: [go] [g]: voiced, velar, stop [gj]: palatarized [g] 清音 (せいおん) vs. 濁音 (だくおん)

  15. ギャ: [gja] 逆転 (ぎゃくてん) ‘reversal’ • ギュ: [gju] 牛乳 (ぎゅうにゅう) ‘milk’ • (ギェ: [gje]) • ギョ: [gjo] 玉座 (ぎょくざ) ‘throne’

  16. サ行 • サ: [sa] • シ: [ʃi] • ス: [su] • セ: [se] • ソ: [so] [s]: voiceless, alveolar, fricative [ʃ]: voiceless, alveo-palatal, fricative

  17. シャ: [ʃa] 車輪 (しゃりん) • シュ: [ʃu] 修理 (しゅうり) • シェ: [ʃe] シェイク • ショ: [ʃo] 少年 (しょうねん) • (スィ: [si], [sji]) cf. she [ʃi], see [s(j)i]

  18. ザ行 • ザ: [ʣa] ~ [za] • ジ: [ʤi] (~ [ʒi] in rapid speech) • ズ: [ʣu] ~ [zu] • ゼ: [ʣe] ~ [ze] • ゾ: [ʣo] ~ [zo] [ʣ]: voiced, alveolar, affricate [z]: voiced, alveolar, fricative [ʤ]: voiced, alveo-palatal, affricate [ʒ]: voiced, alveo-palatal, fricative [X] ~ [Y] : free variation

  19. ジャ: [ʤa] (~ [ʒa]) 砂利 (じゃり) ‘pebbles’ • ジュ: [ʤu] (~ [ʒu]) 十 (じゅう) • ジェ: [ʤe] (~ [ʒe]) ジェット機 (じぇっとき) ‘jet plane’ • ジョ: [ʤo] (~ [ʒo]) 状態 (じょうたい) ‘state’ • (ズィ: [ʣ(j)i] ~ [z(j)i])

  20. タ行 • タ: [ta] • チ: [ʧi] • ツ: [ʦu] • テ: [te] • ト: [to] [t]: voiceless, alveolar, stop [ʧ]: voiceless, alveo-palatal, affricate [ʦ]: voiceless, alveolar, affricate

  21. チャ: [ʧa] 茶会 (ちゃかい) ‘tea party’ • チュ: [ʧu] 注意 (ちゅうい) ‘attention’ • チェ: [ʧe] チェス ‘chess’ • チョ: [ʧo] 蝶 (ちょう) ‘butterfly’ • (ツァ: [ʦa]) おとっつぁん, ツァラトストラかく語りき • (ツィ: [ʦji]) • (ツェ: [ʦe]) • (ツォ: [ʦo]) • ティ: [ti] ティー • (トゥ: [tu])

  22. ダ行 • ダ: [da] • ヂ = ジ • ヅ = ズ • デ: [de] • ド: [do] [d]: voiced, alveolar, stop

  23. ディ: [dji] ディレクター • デュ: [dju] デュース • (デョ: [djo]) • (ドゥ: [du])

  24. ナ行 • ナ: [na] • ニ: [nji] • ヌ: [nu] • ネ: [ne] • ノ: [no] [n]: (voiced,) alveolar, nasal [nj]: palatalized [n]

  25. ニャ: [nja] こんにゃく • ニュ: [nju] 乳牛 (にゅうぎゅう) ‘milk cow’ • (ニェ: [nje]) • ニョ: [njo] 女房 (にょうぼう) ‘wife’

  26. ハ行 • ハ: [ha] • ヒ: [çi] • フ: [ɸu] • ヘ: [he] • ホ: [ho] [h]: voiceless, glottal, fricative [ç]: voiceless, palatal, fricative [ɸ]: voiceless, bilabial, fricative

  27. ヒャ: [ça] 百 (ひゃく) • ヒュ: [çu] ヒュー • (ヒェ: [çe]) • ヒョ: [ço] 氷河 (ひょうが) ‘glacier’ • ファ: [ɸa] ファイル • フィ: [ɸji] フィッシュ • フェ: [ɸe] フェリー • フォ: [ɸo] フォーカス

  28. パ行 (半濁音 はんだくおん) • パ: [pa] • ピ: [pji] • プ: [pu] • ペ: [pe] • ポ: [po] [p]: voiceless, bilabial, stop [pj]: palatarized [p]

  29. ピャ: [pja] 六百 (ろっぴゃく) • ピュ: [pju] コンピュータ • (ピェ: [pje]) • ピョ: [pjo] 発表 (はっぴょう)

  30. バ行 • バ: [ba] • ビ: [bji] • ブ: [bu] • ベ: [be] • ボ: [bo] [b]: voiced, bilabial, stop [bj]: palatarized [b]

  31. ビャ: [bja] 白檀 (びゃくだん) ‘sandal-wood’ • ビュ: [bju] 誤謬 (ごびゅう) ‘error’ • (ビェ: [bje]) • ビョ: [bjo] 鋲 (びょう) ‘rivet, tack’

  32. マ行 • マ: [ma] • ミ: [mji] • ム: [mu] • メ: [me] • モ: [mo] [m]: (voiced,) bilabial, nasal [mj]: palatalized [m]

  33. ミャ: [mja] 脈 (みゃく) • ミュ: [mju] ミュージック • (ミェ: [mje]) • ミョ: [mjo] 茗荷 (みょうが)

  34. ヤ行 • ヤ: [ja] • ユ: [ju] • (イェ: [je]) • ヨ: [jo] [j]: (voiced,) palatal, approximant cf. east [ist] vs. yeast [jist]

  35. ラ行 • ラ: [ɾa] ~ [la] ~ [ra] • リ: [ɾji] ~ [lji] ~ [rji] • ル: [ɾu] ~ [lu] ~ [ru] • レ: [ɾe] ~ [le] ~ [re] • ロ: [ɾo] ~ [lo] ~ [ro] [ɾ]: alveolar, flap [l]: alveolar, lateral approximant [r]: alveolar, trill

  36. リャ: [ɾja] ~ [lja] ~ [rja] 略す ‘to omit’ • リュ: [ɾju] ~ [lju] ~ [rju]　竜 (りゅう) ‘dragon’ • (リェ: [ɾje] ~ [lje] ~ [rje]) • リョ: [ɾjo] ~ [ljo] ~ [rjo] 旅行 (りょこう) ‘trip’

  37. ワ行 • ワ: [wa] • ウィ (ヰ): [w(j)i] ウィザード • ウェ (ヱ): [we] ウェルダン • ウォ (ヲ): [wo] ウォークマン [w]: (labial-)velar approximant [wj]: palatalized [w] cf. ooze [uz] vs. woos [wuz]

  38. ワ行拗音 (labialized consonants) • クァ, クェ, クォ [kwa], [kwe], [kwo] • クァルテット, クォーツ, … • グァ, グェ, グォ [kwa], [kwe], [kwo] …

  39. ビオラ or ヴィオラ? ベルサイユ or ヴェルサイユ? • “ヴァ”, “ヴィ”, “ヴ”, “ヴェ”, “ヴォ” can be pronounced either with [v] or [b].

  40. ン (撥音 はつおん) ン is pronounced in a number of different ways (nasalassimilation) • 券 (けん) [keɴ] (～ [keŋ] ～ [ken]) • 心配 (しんぱい) [ʃimpai] • 今度 (こんど) [kondo] • 今日 (こんにち) [konjnjiʧi] • 天気 (てんき) [teŋki] [ŋ]: velar nasal (cf. 科学 [kagaku] ～ [kaŋaku]) [ɴ]: uvular nasal

  41. ッ (促音 そくおん) ッ is realized as lengthening (by one mora) of the following consonant: • sustained closure • 一杯 (いっぱい) [ip:ai] • 一体 (いったい) [it:ai] • 一回 (いっかい) [ik:ai] • ブッダ [bud:a] • バッグ [bag:u] • エッジ [eʤ:i] • sustained stricture • 必死 (ひっし) [çiʃ:i]

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