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APHG REVIEW BOOK IN A NUTSHELL

This comprehensive review book provides a condensed overview of important concepts in AP Human Geography, including central place theory, demographic transition model, Malthusian theory, population pyramids, and migration patterns. It also covers map types, language regions, and geographic techniques such as GIS, GPS, and remote sensing. Ideal for exam preparation.

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APHG REVIEW BOOK IN A NUTSHELL

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  1. APHG REVIEW BOOK IN A NUTSHELL BY ALEX COLEMAN

  2. CENTRAL PLACE THEORY • Developed by Walter Christaller • Saw the economic world as a spatial model • City location and the level of economic exchange could be analyzed using central places within hexagons which overlapped

  3. ARITHMETIC DENSITY • Number of things per square unit of distance.

  4. AGRICULTURAL DENSITY • Number of people per square unit of land actively under cultivation.

  5. DIFFUSION PATTERNS • Expansion • Originates in a central places and expands outward. • Hierarchal • Originates in a first-order location then moves down to second-order locations and then locally. • Relocation • Begins at a point of origin then crosses physical barrier. • Contagious • Begins at point of origin then moves outward to nearby locations • Stimulus • Underlying principle diffuses

  6. MAP TYPES • Topographic • Contour lines of elevation • Thematic • Expresses particular subject with no land forms • Chloropleth • Uses color to show different geography • Isoline • Calculate data values between two points • Dot Density • Uses dots to show volume and density • Flow Line • Uses lines of different thickness to show movement • Cartograms • Uses simple geometric shapes to represent places

  7. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL • Theory of how population changes over time (has predictive capability) • Stage 1 • Subsistence farming, migration for food, livestock • High BR and DR • Sierra Leone, Liberia, Botswana • Stage 2 • Agricultural base for trade • RNI goes up significantly • BR high DR down • Ghana and Nepal

  8. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL (CNT’D) • Stage 2 ½ • New industrial country • Manufacturing begins • BR down DR down • Mexico and Malaysia • Stage 3 • Transition to full manufacturing • Most First World Countries • BR down DR down because of services • China and Brazil • Stage 4 • Service based • BR and DR as low as possible • Zero population growth • Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States

  9. MALTHUSIAN THEORY • Global population would exceed food production • Didn’t happen because of agricultural revolutions • Neo- Malthusians • Sustainability: may be problems keeping up in the long-run • Increasing per capita demand: the amount of food per person has gone of greatly • Natural resource depletion: nonrenewables will run out like wood, minerals, and energy

  10. POPULATION PYRAMIDS • Population structures based on ages • Shapes • Triangle • Fast growing • Extended Triangle • Moderate growth • Column • Slow growth • Reduced pentagon • Shrinking • Gaps • War • Older on top

  11. VON THUNEN’S MODEL OF THE ISOLATED STATE

  12. LAND RENT CURVE

  13. CENTRAL PLACE THEORY

  14. CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL

  15. SECTOR MODEL

  16. MULTIPLE-NUCLEI MODEL

  17. GALATIC CITY MODEL

  18. LATIN AMERICAN CITY MODEL

  19. GRAVITY MODEL • Mathematical model that is used in a number of different types of spatial analysis. • Used to calculate transportation flow between two points. • Determine the area of influence of a city’s business • Estimate the flow of migrants to a particular place • Location1 Population x Location 2 Population/Distance²

  20. GIS, GPS, AND REMOTE SENSING • GIS • Data layers that show different geographic features • GPS • Uses satellites to show your position on Earth • Remote Sensing • Arial photography used for GIS.

  21. BIRTH RATE • Total number of infants born living counted in a year • Live births/ (Population/1000) • Higher birth rates in LDCs • Lower birth rates in MDCs

  22. DEATH RATE • The number of deaths per year divided by 1000. • Deaths/(Population/1000) • High death rates in LDCs • Low death rates in MDCs • Advances in technology have increased life expectancy

  23. RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE (RNI) • Difference in the amount of population change • BR-DR/10 • Possible to be negative

  24. DOUBLING TIME • How long it would take for a country to double in size • 70/RNI

  25. NET MIGRATION RATE • Total migration • (Number of Immigrants/(Population/1000))-(Number of Emigrants/(Population/1000)) • Can be negative

  26. THE DEMOGRAPHIC EQUATION • ((BR-DR)+NMR)/10= Percentage Rate

  27. TOTAL FERTILITY RATE • Average number of children born to each woman age 15 to 45 • Number of children/Number of women

  28. CENTROID • Geographic center of a country

  29. MIGRATION • Inter-regional or internal • One region of a country to another • Transnational • One country to another • Step migration • People move up in hierarchy of location for work or other reasons • Chain migration • Pioneers establish a new place which is a foothold for more migration • Periodic movement • Annual or seasonal movement • Push factors • War • Environmental hazards • High cost of land • Pull factors • Employment • Services

  30. LANGUAGE • Linguistic region • A place where a language is spoken • Can have different dialects within the region • Lingua franca • Bridge language like English or French

  31. ANATOLIAN VS. KURGAN THEORY • Anatolian • Group of Indians migrated from India to Turkey and brought their language and then to Europe • Kurgan • Group of Indians went from India to Central Asia then across the Eurasian steppe to Western Europe.

  32. RELIGION • Universalizing religions accept • Accept followers from everywhere • Ethnic religions • Only from specific ethnic groups • Animist • Voodoo, Native American • Worship nature • Migration • Hindu-Buddhist • Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism • Reincarnation • Hindus: caste system, Buddhists: oppose the caste • Abrahamic • Judaism, Christianity, and Islam • Believe in God to a certain degree • Common ancestors of Abraham • Jesus Christ was a figurehead • Islam: Five Pillars got them to Heaven

  33. NATION AND ETHNICITY • Nation • Population represented by a single characteristic • Culture group is another name • Ethnicity • Genetic heritage and political allegiance • Race • Genetic heritage and physical characteristics

  34. ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM • Friedrich Ratzel • The physical geography shapes the culture

  35. POSSIBILISM • Carl Saur • Cultures were partially shaped by the environment

  36. INTERNAL VS. EXTERNAL INDENTITY • Internal • Expressing cultural heritage within the area it originated • External • Expressing culture where they do not share the common culture or geographic background

  37. CULTURAL REGIONS • Homogeneous characteristics of culture in an area

  38. CULTURAL HEARTHS • Origin of a given culture • Nile River • Mesopotamia • The Indus Valley • Mesoamerica • The Andean Highland • Northeast Chile • West Africa

  39. SEQUENT OCCUPANCE • Replacing dominant cultures over time • Lagos, Nigeria going from British control to Nigerian

  40. ACCULTURATION • Fully adopting the culture of the dominant population

  41. CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION • Media has combined cultures so much that the cultures have lost their connection to their heritage and to nature

  42. ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS • Ethnic cleansing • People of one ethnic group are eliminated by another • Yugoslavian Croats and Serbs • Genocide • Large scale systematic killing of people of one ethnic group • Holocaust • Darfur • Rwanda

  43. UNITS OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATION • Country • An identifiable land area • Nation • A population with a single culture • State • A population under a single government • Nation-state • Single culture under a single government • Japan, Iceland, Ireland

  44. NATIONALISM • Existing culture group that desires political representation or independence

  45. STATELESS NATION • Culture group is not included or allowed to share in the state political process • Kurds in Iraq, Iran, and Syria • Basques in northern Spain • Hmong in Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, and southern China

  46. CONFEDERATION • Several smaller states make up a federal government • US, Australia, Brazil, Russia

  47. MICROSTATES • Sovereign states that are smaller but hold the same position of larger states • Dominica, Luxembourg, Malta, Singapore

  48. MULTI-STATE NATIONS • Supernationalism • Two or more states align together for a common purpose • UN, WTO, WHO, EU, NATO, OPEC, NAFTA

  49. THE EUROPEAN UNION • Free trade union • Open borders • Uniform currency • One court for international issues • One parliament • World’s largest economy • Constitution is not yet ratified

  50. ENCLAVES AND EXCLAVES • Enclave • The minority group concentrated inside another country • Ethnic neighborhood in Quebec • Exclave • Fragmented piece of sovereign territory separated by land from the main part of the country • Alaska

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