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Let’s Get Started!!

Explore the fascinating world of chemistry from start to finish, covering important concepts such as the scientific method, matter, measurements, uncertainty, sig figs, precision, dimensional analysis, temperature, density, classification of matter, and separation techniques.

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Let’s Get Started!!

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  1. Let’s Get Started!! Chapter 1- start to finish

  2. CHEMISTRY • The science that deals with the materials of the universe and the changes that these materials undergo • Wood burns • Plants grow • Iron rusts • Bread bakes • Human digestion

  3. The Scientific Method • State the problem • Make observations • Form a hypothesis • Perform an experiment • Make observations • Develop a Law • A summary of observed behavior • Develop a theory • An explanation of behavior • Continue to experiment • Modify theory as needed

  4. Important Terms • Matter • Anything that has mass and volume • Mass • Amount of matter in an object • The measure of the resistance of an object to a change in its state of motion • Volume • Amount of space an object occupies • Qualitative observations • Observations not requiring measurements • Quantitative observations • Observations requiring measurements

  5. Weight!?! • The force that gravity exerts • In chem (or in AP) all our measurements will be on earth (we hope!) so weight & mass are interchangeable.

  6. Volume?

  7. Mass Length Time Temp kg m s K Fundamental Units

  8. Electric current Amt of substance Luminous intensity A mol cd Fundamental Units

  9. Kilo deci centi milli 103 10-1 10-2 10-3 Prefixes Used in SI system

  10. micro nano 10-6 10-9 Prefixes Used in SI system

  11. Uncertainty of Measurement • Gold costs $5.75 for .01 g • Mass ring- 7.62 g • Dealer says- 8 g

  12. What’s the problem? • The decimal places are SIGNIFICANT!!

  13. Numbers are significant when… 1. They are NOT zero! 2. They are exact numbers • Conversions, pi, counted numbers

  14. Numbers are significant when… • Zeros 1. Captive zeros- YES 2. Leading zeros- NO 3. Trailing zeros- YES

  15. Multiply and Divide • Number of sig figs in answer is same as number with least number of sig figs

  16. Add and Subtract • Result has same number of decimal places as number with least decimal places in calculation

  17. 1056 1000 100.0 .00350 4 1 4 3 Number of Sig Figs?

  18. 2.002 X 3.42 X 5 = 703.2+34.223–21.45 = 34.2 X 25.3 + 1.332 = 30 716.0 866 Some Math…

  19. Play some darts…

  20. Precision • Degree of agreement among several measurements

  21. Accuracy • Degree of agreement of a particular value with the accepted value

  22. Error?? What error? • Random error • Equal chance of being high or low • Systematic error • Same direction each time

  23. Dimensional Analysis • UNIT FACTOR METHOD! • A student entered a 12.0 km run. How many miles is it?

  24. Temperature • Three scales • Fahrenheit • Celsius • Kelvin

  25. Density • Mass/Volume

  26. Classification of matter

  27. Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes • Physical Property • Characteristics that describe a substance • Physical Change • A change that does not affect the composition of the substance • Chemical Property • Characteristics that refer to the ability to form new substances • Chemical Change • A change which produces new substances

  28. Separation Techniques • Distillation • Filtration • Chromatography

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