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Intro to Oceanography

Intro to Oceanography. What is Oceanography?. Study of the ocean, its surroundings, and life within it. How does it differ from Marine Biology?. Marine bio studies marine organisms’ anatomy, physiology, behavior; more individualistic. The five principal oceans. Pacific Atlantic Indian

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Intro to Oceanography

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  1. Intro to Oceanography

  2. What is Oceanography? Study of the ocean, its surroundings, and life within it. How does it differ from Marine Biology? Marine bio studies marine organisms’ anatomy, physiology, behavior; more individualistic.

  3. The five principal oceans • Pacific • Atlantic • Indian • Arctic • Southern or Antarctic Ocean

  4. Earth's Oceans Artic Atlantic Pacific Indian Southern or Antarctic

  5. Ocean Area (square miles) Average Depth (ft) Deepest depth (ft) Pacific Ocean 64,186,000 15,215 Mariana Trench, 36,200 ft deep Atlantic Ocean 33,420,000 12,881 Puerto Rico Trench, 28,231 ft deep Indian Ocean 28,350,000 13,002 Java Trench, 25,344 ft deep Southern Ocean 7,848,300 sq. miles (20.327 million sq km ) 13,100 - 16,400 ft deep (4,000 to 5,000 meters) the southern end of the South Sandwich Trench, 23,736 ft (7,235 m) deep Arctic Ocean 5,106,000 3,953 Eurasia Basin, 17,881 ft deep Comparison of Oceans Size

  6. The Seven Seas?

  7. Ocean Disciplines

  8. Physical Oceanography How and why ocean currents flow, air-sea interactions such as the generation of waves by wind.

  9. Chemical Oceanography Composition of sea water and the processing controlling and altering its composition, including marine pollution

  10. Biological Oceanography Organisms that live in the ocean and their relationship to the environment

  11. Geological Oceanography Study of rock structure in the ocean basin, properties of rocks such as magnetism, occurrence of earthquakes.

  12. Ocean Engineering Design and installation of oceanographic instrumentation and vehicles

  13. Global/Local Monitoring Chlorophyll NOAA Weather Buoy/ Tsunami

  14. Disciplinary Connections BIOLOGY BIOPHYSICS BIOCHEMISTRY OCEANOGRAPHY PHYSICS CHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOCHEMISTRY GEOLOGY

  15. Characteristics of the World's Oceans Average depth of ocean- 4000m Average temperature- 39oF (3.9oC) Age of ocean- 4 billion years old

  16. Covers 71% of the Earth’s surface

  17. Average salinity- 35 o/oo Jordan Dead Sea Israel Amazon River Dead Sea

  18. Tallest Mountain: Hawaii's Mauna Kea rises 10,203 m (33,476 ft) from base to peak. Everest is only 8,848m.

  19. Deepest spot- Marianas Trench (10,912m) http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/environment/habitats-environment/habitats-oceans-env/cameron-how-deep/ 1960- Walsh & Piccard Marianas Trench 10,912 m Mt Everest 8,863 m

  20. Age of the ocean basin: 200 my old Millions of Years Before Present

  21. When did the study of oceanography begin? It formally began in the 1800’s. Previously, it was thought that the deep ocean had no life below 550 m (Edward Forbes- Azoic Theory).

  22. Ocean Navigation

  23. Prior to then: 1500 B.C., Phoenicians were skilled sailors and traded goods

  24. Migration Routes of Polynesia

  25. Hawaiian Star Map

  26. An early stick chart from Micronesia shows the waves and currents around the islands which are represented by shells.

  27. Voyage of Columbus (1492) and Magellan (1519)

  28. Cook (1700’s)- sailed twice around the world 1st European to visit Hawaii Cook

  29. Humboldt (1800’s)- German naturalist, contributions in geophysics, meteorology, and oceanography

  30. Voyage of the HMS Beagle Darwin (1831): • Subsidence theory of coral reef formation (atolls) & origin of species

  31. Ben Franklin (1770’s)- mapped the Gulf Stream 1996 1786

  32. Voyage of the HMS Challenger (1872-1876) • collected thousands of biological and sea bottom samples • traveled in every ocean except arctic • cruise directed by Charles Wyville Thompson • 362 stations, 715 new genera, 5000 new species • discovered Mariana Trench and Mindarniad (34,000 ft deep)

  33. Voyage of the HMS Challenger (1872-1876) Deep sea Collections HMS Challenger's Chemical Laboratory

  34. Late 19th century – early 20th century: • Founding a number of important marine laboratories, including coastal labs and open ocean labs. 1888 Founded 1930 Founded 1903

  35. Recent: Meteor Expedition (1925)- introduced modern optical and electronic equipment (echo sounder)

  36. Glomar Challenger (1968)- drilling for deep sea sediments

  37. Rachel Louise Carson (1907-1964) Marine biologist at U.S. Bureau of Fisheries & Fish & Wildlife Service

  38. Jacque Cousteau (1910-1997) Navy officer, explorer, film maker, inventor of scuba (1947) "From birth, man carries the weight of gravity on his shoulders. He is bolted to the earth. But man has only to sink beneath the surface and he is free.”

  39. Bob Ballard (1942-) Navy officer, explorer, film maker

  40. Inquiry • The 4 major disciplines of oceanography are _____. • The tallest mtn in the world is____. • The ave. depth of the ocean is ____. • What are modern and ancient ways to navigate? • Who discovered the Marianas trench and how was it done? • Who traveled to it’s depths? • What was Rachael Carson known for?

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