History and Approaches of Psychology

1. History and Approaches of Psychology

2. Let’s Begin • Do not expect to answer the ultimate questions of life……. • The study of psychology will help you understand why people feel, think, and act the way they do.

3. Chapter Objectives: • Lesson 1: Define psychology and trace its historical development. • Lesson 2: Explain how psychology’s different perspectives contribute to a complete view of the human form. • Lesson 3: Identify the major subfields of psychology.

4. Lesson 1: Roots of Psychology • What is psychology? • Turn to someone next to you. Talk about some words that you think of when you think of the word psychology. • What words did you come up with? • Why did you pick those words?

5. History of Psychology: • People have been studying human behavior for thousands of years. (Examples: Romans, Egyptians, Indians) • This was good, but was not done in an organized manner. • Psychology as a science has a very short history. • Some scientists still call psychology a “soft” science.

6. Roots of Psychology: • Psychology: The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. • Let’s break down the definition • Behavior – Anything that you do that can be observed. • Mental Processes – Internal experiences such as: thoughts, feelings, sensations, and perceptions. • Systematic Study: Systematic collection and examination of data (empirical evidence) to support or disprove hypotheses (predictions) rather than depending on common sense.

7. Key Players in the History of Psychology: • Roots of psychology can be traced back 2000 years ago to the early philosophers, biologists, and physiologists of ancient Greece. • Hippocrates – Greek Physiologist that thought the mind or soul resided in the brain. • He believed that it was not composed of a physical substance. • This is called mind-body-dualism – seeing mind and body as two different things that interact.

8. Today, psychology is defined as the: • Study of mental phenomenon • Study of conscious and unconscious activity • Study of Behavior • Science of behavior and mental processes

9. Key Players in the History of Psychology: • Plato (350 B.C.) – Greek philosopher that believed that who we are and what we know are innate (inborn). • Aristotle – Plato’s student believed that who we are and what we know are acquired from experience. (created) Q: What debate originated with these two different philosophies?

10. Two historical roots of psychology are the disciplines of: • Philosophy and chemistry • Physiology and chemistry • Philosophy and physiology • Philosophy and physics

11. Key Players in the History of Psychology: • About 2000 yrs. later John Locke and Rene Descartes had a similar argument. • John Locke – Believed that knowledge comes from observation, and what we know comes from experience. • He coined the term “tabula rasa” – blank slate. • “The mind is like a blank slate in which the environment writes upon.” • Rene Descartes – Believed that what we know is innate. • Focused much of his research on how the nervous system responds • “I think therefore I am.”

12. Book Check Question • Q: Who is considered the founder of modern science? • A: Francis Bacon

13. The 17th century philosopher who believed that the mind is blank at birth and that most knowledge comes through sensory experience is: • Plato • Aristotle • Descartes • Locke

14. The Greek philosopher who believed that intelligence was inherited was: • Aristotle • Plato • Descartes • Simonides

15. Nature vs. Nurture Controversy: • The debate about the extent to which our behavior is inborn or learned through experience is called the nature vs. nurture controversy. • Nature: Certain elementary ideas are innate to the human mind; not gained through experience • Men are born, not made

16. Nature vs. Nurture (cont.) • Nurture: Anything that we know, we have learned through experience. • Our mind is like a blank slate (tabula rasa; Locke) that the environment writes upon • Men are made, not born Where do the Spartans fall into this nature vs. nurture controversy?

17. Which of the following exemplifies the issue of the relative importance of nature and nurture on our behavior? • The issue of the relative influence of biology and experience on behavior • The issue of the relative influence of rewards and punishments on behavior • The debate as to the relative importance of heredity and instinct in determining behavior • The debate as to whether mental processes are a legitimate are of scientific study

18. Lesson Two: Objectives • By the end of this lesson, I will be able to: • 1. Describe and compare different theoretical approaches in explaining behavior: • — structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism in the early years; • — Gestalt, psychoanalytic/psychodynamic, and humanism emerging later; • — evolutionary, biological, and cognitive as more contemporary approaches. • 2. Recognize the strengths and limitations of applying theories to explain behavior.

19. Lesson Two: Approaches and Schools of Psychology: • Not all psychologists look at psychology the same way. • Some believe that you are who you are purely because of your genetics. • Some believe that experiences play a much bigger factor. • Psychology is a broad field that aims to answer questions from many different perspectives. • We are going to look at the different schools and approaches to psychology. • But first….. A quick poll to wake you up!

20. Lesson 2: Approaches and Schools of Psychology: • By the late 1800’s, psychology was beginning to emerge as a separate scientific discipline. • Biologist Charles Darwin came up with the theory of natural selection. • Psychology branched into two schools of psychology (structuralism and functionalism) and from there several approaches to psychology.

21. Structuralism: Wilhelm Wundt • Wilhelm Wundt – Credited as the founder of scientific psychology because in 1879 he set up a research laboratory in Germany. • The lab was dedicated to the scientific study of conscious experiences and sensations. • Introspection – the process of looking inward to identify how one feels, thinks, or acts. • he replicated his studies in different conditions with similar results. • Wundt helped found the School of Structuralism which aimed to focus on the structure of the mind and identify the basic elements of consciousness.

22. Book Check Question • Q: Who is considered to 1st to introduce structuralism? (hint) he was a student of Wundt) • A: Edward Bradford Titchener • Q: Who was a good friend of Titchener? (hint) He is probably best know for authoring the Chronicles of Narnia.) • A: C. S. Lewis

23. Titchener C. S. Lewis

24. Functionalism: William James: • William James was a psychologist that felt that Wundt was asking the wrong questions. • James was more interested in the function or purpose of behavioral acts. • School of Functionalism – Researchers that focused on how we adapt to our environments. (stream of consciousness) • Main Goal: Explain human behavior • Also wrote first psychology textbook

25. Book Check Question • Q: William James was the 1st to admit a woman to his course of study at Harvard. What was the name of the woman he allowed to study psychology? • A: Mary Whiton Calkins • Q: What did Harvard deny Ms. Calkins? • A: Her Ph.D.; later awarded it posthumously

26. Gestalt Psychology: • Max Wertheimer – founded Gestalt Psychology • The whole is more than the sum of it’s parts • Example: A beautiful painting • A painting is more than just colors and line – its an experience • So, each person has a completely different experience when viewing the world – must be sensitive to this during therapy.

27. This German philosopher and psychologist was the first to set up a laboratory to gather empirical data related to psychology. • Wundt, 1879 • James, 1890 • Freud, 1900 • Watson, 1913 • Wertheimer, 1950

28. Eight Approaches to Psychology: Behavioral • Behavioral Approach – Focuses on measuring and recording observable behavior. (behavior results from learning) • Pavlov and his dogs, Watson and Baby Albert, Skinner and his rats. (rewards, punishments, and associations) • All these men believed that psychology should be the science of behavior.

29. In psychology, “behavior” is best defined as: • Anything a person says, does, or feels • Any action we can observe and record • Any action, whether observable or not • Anything we can infer from a person’s actions • Sensations and Perceptions

30. Eight Approaches to Psychology: Psychoanalytic / Psychodynamic • Psychoanalytic Approach – Focuses on unconscious internal conflicts to explain mental disorders, personality, and motivation. • Sigmund Freud developed this approach and focused on unconscious desires (Freudian slips, life and death instincts, libido, early life experiences. • Psychodynamic Approach – Those that varied Freud’s ideas but kept with the roots of psychoanalysis.

31. Book Check Question • Q: What is a Freudian Slip? • A: Allowing you subconscious mind to speak your true feelings. • Q: Can you give an example of a Freudian slip?

32. Eight Approaches to Psychology: Humanistic • Humanistic Approach – Emphases the importance of people’s feelings and view human nature as naturally positive and growth seeking. • Abraham Maslow (Hierarchy of Needs) and Carl Rogers (Unconditional Positive Regard) led the charge. • This approach came out the 60’s and 70’s.

33. According to Maslow, these needs must be met before all others. • Safety • Self-actualizing • Love and Belongingness • Physiological • Esteem Needs

34. This approach to psychology focuses on rewards, punishments, and associations. • Behavioral • Socio-Cultural • Neuroscience • Biological • Cognitive

35. Eight Approaches to Psychology: Biological • Biological Approach – Examines how complex chemical and biological processes within the nervous and endocrine systems are related to the behavior of organisms. • Much research is being done today using this approach – Brain based research.

36. Eight Approaches to Psychology: Cognitive • Cognitive Approach – Emphasizes the importance of receiving, storing, and processing information. • It also focuses on thinking, reasoning, and using language to understand human behavior. • Cognition – thinking and memory.

37. Eight Approaches to Psychology: Evolutionary • Evolutionary Approach –Attempts to explain behavior patterns as adaptations naturally selected to increase reproductive success. • This approach uses Darwin’s theory of natural selection as a basis. • Darwin wrote Origin of Species.

38. The way the mind processes, stores, and retrieves information is the primary concern of this approach to psychology: • Evolutionary • Biological • Socio-Cultural • Behavioral • Cognitive

39. Eight Approaches to Psychology: Socio-cultural • As time progressed more people were traveling and visiting other cultures. • Psychologists soon recognized the difference in cultural gestures, body language, and spoken language. • Socio-cultural Approach – Examines the cultural differences in an attempt to understand, predict, and control behavior.

40. Eight Approaches to Psychology: Eclectic • The most widely used psychological approach today is eclectic • Eclectic – No one perspective can best explain all human behavior • So…Eclectic psychologists use a combination of all the approaches

41. This researcher used classical conditioning to make dogs salivate by the sound of a bell. • Skinner • Pavlov • Watson • Freud • Wundt

42. This Humanistic psychologist encouraged his clients to always focus on the positive. • Watson • Rogers • Skinner • Jung • Rogers

43. A psychologist who explores how Asian and North American definitions of attractiveness differ is working within this psychological perspective: • Behavioral • Evolutionary • Cognitive • Socio-Cultural • Eclectic

44. Checking for Understanding Q: Can you name all eight approaches to psychology? • Behavioral • Psychoanalytic • Humanistic • Biological • Cognitive • Evolutionary • Socio-Cultural • Eclectic

45. Lesson Three: Objectives • By the end of this lesson, I will be able to: • 1. Distinguish the different domains of psychology: biological, clinical, cognitive, counseling, developmental, educational, experimental, human factors, industrial–organizational, personality, psychometric, and social.

46. Lesson 3: Subfields of Psychology: • Psychology is a broad field • There are many jobs available with a psychology degree • Historically though, this wasn’t always the case. • Psychology saw a huge boom after World War II. • Many opportunities arose in clinical and counseling psychology. • In addition, school psychology started to become more popular as researchers data indicated that children perform better when they are taught using their respective learning style(s).

47. Subfields of Psychology: • Clinical Psychologists – Evaluate and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. (OCD, Schizophrenia) • Counseling Psychologists – Help people adapt to change or make changes in their lifestyle. (Analyze This) • Developmental Psychologists – Study psychological development throughout a lifespan. (Piaget) • Engineering Psychologists – Do research on how people function best with machines. (assembly lines)

48. Subfields of Psychology: • Educational Psychologists – Focus on how effective teaching and learning take place. (consultants) • Forensic Psychologists – Apply psychological principles to legal issues. (crimes) • Health Psychologists – Concentrate on biological, psychological, and social factors associated with health and illness. (hospitals) • Industrial/Organizational Psychologists – Aim to improve productivity and the quality of work life by applying psychological principles and methods to the workplace. (Panera)

49. Subfields of Psychology: • Neuro-psychologists – Explore the relationship between brain/nervous systems and behavior. (Laboratory research) • Psychometricians – Focus on methods for acquiring and analyzing psychological data. (research based) • Rehabilitation Psychologists – Help clients with mental retardation, developmental disabilities, and disabilities resulting from neurological injury. (stroke) • School Psychologists – Assess and counsel students, consult with educators and parents, and perform behavioral intervention when necessary.

50. Subfields of Psychology: • Social Psychologists – Focus on how a person’s mental life and behavior are shaped by interactions with other people. (can be workplace related) • Sports Psychologists – Help athletes refine their focus on competition goals, increase motivation, and deal with anxiety and fear of failure. (Professional Athletes)