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Chap 6

Chap 6. World War I. 1. Causes of the War. -DURING THE LATE 1800S AND EARLY 1900S, INTENSE RIVALRIES AMONG EUROPEAN NATIONS LED TO MISTRUST AND HATRED. A) FOUR CAUSES NIMS 1) N ATIONALISM 2) I MPERIALISM 3) M ILITARISM 4) S TRATEGIC ALLIANCES. A. NATIONALISM.

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Chap 6

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  1. Chap 6 World War I

  2. 1. Causes of the War -DURING THE LATE 1800S AND EARLY 1900S, INTENSE RIVALRIES AMONG EUROPEAN NATIONS LED TO MISTRUST AND HATRED. A) FOUR CAUSES NIMS 1) NATIONALISM 2) IMPERIALISM 3) MILITARISM 4) STRATEGIC ALLIANCES

  3. A. NATIONALISM -BROUGHT UNITY TO SOME NATIONS WHILE IT TORE OTHER NATIONS APART -GREAT BRITIAN AND FRANCE BECAME INCREASINGLY STRONGER DURING THIS TIME -AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE HAD VARIOUS ETHNIC GROUPS PULLING THEM APART -THESE ETHNIC GROUPS WANTED THEIR INDEPENDENCE AND FORM THEIR OWN COUNTRIES -DURING THE TIME, FRANCE AND GERMANY BECAME BITTER RIVALS DUE TO FIGHTING OVER TERRITORY IN EUROPE -ITALY AND AUSTRIA WERE ALSO ENEMIES DUE TO FIGHT OVER LANDS IN NORTHERN ITALY

  4. B. IMPERIALISM -SCRAMBLE FOR COLONIES IN AFRICA AND ASIA CONTRIBUTED TO THE GROWING TENSIONS BETWEEN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

  5. C. MILITARISM -IN THIS TENSE CLIMATE, EUROPEAN NATIONS TOOK STEPS IN PREPARATION FOR WAR -EUROPEAN NATIONS COMPETED FOR POWER AND PRESTIGE BY BUILDING UP THEIR ARMIES -GERMANY AND BRITAIN BEGAN A RIVALRY FOCUSED ON STRENGTH OF THEIR NAVIES -BRITIAN HAD THE STRONGEST NAVY AT THE TIME HOWEVER, GERMANY BEGAN TO SPEND HEAVILY ON THE BUILDING OF NEW WARSHIPS -BRITAIN SEEING THIS AS A THREAT BEGAN TO INCREASE THEIR NAVAL FLEET

  6. D. STRATEGIC ALLIANCES -IN THE LATE 1800S, EUROPEAN COUNTRIES BEGAN TO FORM ALLIANCES FOR SUPPORT IF WAR WERE TO BREAK OUT - TWO MAJOR ALLIANCES IN EUROPE WERE FORMED 1. TRIPLE ALLIANCE - GERMANY, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND ITALY 2. TRIPLE ENTENTE - FRANCE, BRITAIN AND RUSSIA

  7. 2. Beginning of the War -BY THE LATE 1800S, THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE WAS FALLING APART -THE BALKAN REGION ONCE CONTROLLED BY THE EMPIRE BECAME AN AREA UNDER FIRE -IN 1878, SERBIA RECEIVED ITS INDEPENDENCE FROM THE EMPIRE -NATIONALIST LEADERS IN SERBIA WANTED TO GAIN CONTROL OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA IN ORDER TO CREATE THEIR OWN EMPIRE IN EASTERN EUROPE -ALSO CONTROL OF THESE TWO AREAS WOULD GIVE THEM AN OUTLET TO THE MEDITERANEAN SEA -HOWEVER, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY CONTROLLED THESE TERRITORIES

  8. 2. Beginnings of the War (Pg.2) -RUSSIA WANTED SERBIA TO GAIN CONTROL OF THESE AREAS SO THEY COULD FORM AN ALLIANCE WHICH WOULD GIVE RUSSIA ACCESS TO THE MED. SEA - -THIS PROPOSED ALLIANCE ANGERED GREAT BRITAIN THAT DID NOT WANT RUSSIA GAINING ACCESS TO A WARM-WEATHER PORT -GERMANY WANTED TO GAIN CONTROL OF THE CRUMBLING OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND NEEDED THE BALKANS AS A LINK FROM THEIR COUNTRY TO THE EMPIRE -BOTH GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA DID NOT WANT GERMANY GAINING THESE AREAS BECAUSE THEY DID NOT WANT GERMANY TO EXPAND THEIR POWER

  9. 3. Assassination -ON JUNE 14, 1914, ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND (HEIR TO THE AUSTRIA-HUNGARY THRONE) AND HIS WIFE TRAVELED TO SARAJEVO, THE CAPITAL OF BOSNIA / HERZEGOVINA -THEY WERE BOTH ASSASSINATED BY SERBIAN NATIONALISTS -AUSTRIA-HUNGARY WANTED TO PUNISH SERBIA FOR ITS ROLE IN THE PLOT -THEY SENT SERBIA AN ULTIMATUM THAT STATED IF SERBIA DID NOT ARREST THE PERSONS INVOLVED THEN AUSTRIA WOULD INVADE SERBIA -WHEN SERBIA DECLINED, AUSTRIA DECLARED WAR ON SERBIA

  10. 4. Outbreak of War -After Austria declared war on Serbia, the Alliance system began -The Russians began to mobilize to help Serbia -In turn, Germany warned Russia to stop or they would declare war against Russia -After Russia refused, Germany declared war on Russia -Also, Germany invaded Belgium in an attempt to mobilize their troops against France anticipating French involvement in the war -Great Britain declared war on Germany in response the German invasion of Belgium

  11. 5. Sides of the War -As War broke out, the major countries of Europe formed two sides - Central Powers -Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire -Allied Powers -Great Britain, France and Russia

  12. 6. Battles of WWI • Western Front - Along the border of Belgium and France - Germany had invaded and taken over Belgium and began to assemble their troops ready to invade France -French and British troops aligned themselves on border prepared for the German invasion -War would continue along this line with no real change in position and huge amounts of casualties

  13. 6. Battles of WW1 (Pg 2.) - Eastern Front -War broke out in Eastern Europe where the Russians and Serbs battled Germany and Austria Hungary -Although Russia had many soldiers, they lacked supplies and leadership -The Russians were successful in taking over parts of Austria but lost over a million soldiers in the process

  14. 7. Style of War -The Battles fought along the Eastern/Western Front were fought in a style known as Trench Warfare -Soldiers from both sides dug hundreds of miles of trenches -Between the front line of opposing trenches, was “No Man’s Land” , a wasteland of barbed wire and landmines -Each side would continuously bomb the opposing side then scramble across “No Mans Land” to attack enemy sides -Huge casualties and very little gains resulted -New weapons included machine guns, armored tanks, U-Boats or submarines

  15. 8. Total War Effort -Due to the style of war fought, WWI required tons of supplies to fuel both sides -Governments struggled to meet the demands of the war -Due to massive amount of causalities, millions of men were drafted into battle -Women were forced to work in the factories producing goods for the war -Countries needed civilians to ration food and supplies that were needed for the soldiers -To encourage people to support the war effort, both sides used propaganda to build confidence and increase their hatred of the enemy

  16. 9. The Russian Revolution -During the war, the Russian army experienced huge casualties -The Russian government was unable to cope with the huge amounts of supplies necessary to continue battle -Riots throughout Russia led to diminished the power of the Russian czar (leader) -Radical revolutionaries led by Vladimir Lenin wanted out of the war and to fix their internal problems -These revolutionaries overthrew the government and withdrew Russia from WWI -This withdrawal collapsed the Eastern Front and the Central Powers could concentrate their efforts of the Western Front

  17. 10. Others Join the War -When Russian withdrew, the Allied forces needed help along the Western Front -As WWI broke out, the US pledged neutrality believing that the war was a European problem and wanted to stay out -However, German U-boats began to attack US merchant ships traveling to British ports -Finally, a German U-boat sank the British passenger ship, Lusitania, that killed 128 Americans -Also, the German propaganda machine spread rumors that Germany would form an alliance with Mexico and attack Southwest US territories (Zimmerman Note) -With Germany not backing down, US declared war on Germany and entered the war on the Allied side

  18. 11. Tides Turn -The arrival of US troops energized the Allied troops -The Allied troops steadily began to push German troops Back along the Western Front and Eastern Front -Austria-Hungary began to break apart as different regions began to leave the empire -Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland declared their independence -Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire surrendered to the Allies -By November 1918, Germany stood as alone in fighting the Allies -A German rebels that wanted the fighting to stop started a revolt and took over the German government -On November 11, 1918 Germany signed an armistice with the Allied Power officially ending WWI

  19. 12. Effects of the WWI -Fighting lasted over 4 years (July 1914-Nov 1918) -8.5 million casualties -Male Casualties Germany (15%) A/H (17%) France (10%) -European infrastructure destroyed -Widespread famine throughout Eastern Europe till the early 1920s (8 million dead in Russia) -Disease spread throughout Europe -European economies fell into recessions

  20. 13. Peace Treaties • US Fourteen Points Proposal (Woodrow Wilson) - wanted to bring democracy to Europe -Protect smaller countries from larger ones (no more large empire) -Create a League of Nations, international association to maintain peace -However, European countries wanted the Central Powers to suffer more as a consequence of war -US rejected plan due to Europeans wanting more -US preferred isolationism and let Europe solve its own problems -League of Nations became a weak association

  21. 13. Peace Treaties (Pg.2) b) Versailles Treaty -Allied Powers drew up separate peace treaties with each Central Power Nation -German peace settlement known as the Versailles Treaty -Extremely severe towards Germany due to Allies Reasoned that Germany started the war Treaty Requirement: 1) Admitted Responsibility for causing the WWI 2) Pay War Reparations (Total Cost of the War) 3) Limited Size of Army 4) Give up their Navy to the Allies 5) Give up Overseas Colonies 6) Excluded from League of Nations

  22. 14. German Response -German citizens resented the government for agreeing on the harsh Versailles Treaty -Harsh sanctions of Treaty caused an economic depression in Germany -Felt the treaty was unjust that Germany had to be blamed for war and pay war reparations -Bitter Hatred towards the Allied Nations

  23. 15. Geographic Effects -Empires of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia and Ottoman broken up -New Countries created in Eastern Europe

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