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Explore the innovative compositions of Arnold Schoenberg, a leading figure in musical Expressionism. Discover his atonal and 12-tone music, the influence of his Jewish heritage, and his impact on the Second Viennese School. Learn about his students, including Alban Berg and Anton Webern, and how his music paved the way for a new era in 20th-century composition.
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Expressionism & Schoenberg • Expressionism 1910-1939 • “A theory or practice in art of seeking to depict the artist’s subjective responses to objects and events” M-W • Fascination with inner feelings • Centered in Vienna • Freud, Schnitzler, Klimt • Schoenberg, Berg, Webern • Concentrated on anguish, insanity, fear, hatred, death • A reaction against Impressionism
The Second Viennese School • Arnold Schoenberg (1874 - 1951) • Atonal • Expressionism • 12 - tone music • Sprechstimme
Arnold Schoenberg 1874-1951 • One of the most radically innovative composers of the century • Only musical training was on violin • Began composing at age 8 • Romantic style until he was 25 • Believed tonality had outlived its usefulness • Atonality = without key center • “Five Pieces for Orchestra”
Arnold Schoenberg • Not well received • Developed the 12-tone system • A system of structure • Composer uses all the notes • Uses the notes in a strict order • Must follow this order throughout the piece • Taught at the Academy of Arts in Berlin from 1926 - 1933
Schoenberg • Compositions on Jewish themes • Jacob’s Ladder 1922 • Moses and Aaron 1938 • Survivor from Warsaw 1947 • Moved to the United States in 1933 • Taught at UCLA • Died in 1951 • His music was not performed very much • Difficult and inaccessible
Schoenberg • Influenced • Berg and Webern • His 12 - tone system affected an entire generation of composers • Regarded as one of the most important composers of the 20th century
Schoenberg’s Music • Three periods • Early • Atonal • 12 - tone • Early period 1890s - 1907 • Late Romantic style • Verklarte Nacht
Schoenberg’s Music • Atonal Period 1908 - 1915 • Pierrot Lunaire • Five Pieces for Orchestra • 12 - tone Period 1923 - 1951 • Moses and Aaron
Five Pieces for Orchestra, Op. 16 • Five publications by Schoenberg • Original - 1912 • two-piano score by Webern - 1913 • Chamber ensemble by Schoenberg • New, revised full orchestra score of 1922 • New edition for normal orchestra - 1949, pub. 1952
Five Pieces for Orchestra, Op. 16 • This is the original score • I. Premonitions (everybody has those) • II. The Past (everybody has that, too) • III. Chord-Colors (technical) • IV. Peripetia (general enough, I think) • V . The Obbligato (perhaps better the “fully-developed” or the “endless”) Recitative
Bach-Schoenberg:Prelude and Fugue in E-flat Major “St. Anne”
Schoenberg’s Students • Alban Berg • 1885 - 1935 (died of an infected insect bite) • Anton Webern • 1883 - 1945 (shot by a nervous American soldier) • About 10 years younger • Studied with Schoenberg in their late teens
Bela Bartok • 1881 - 1945 • folk music • the American years • Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta
Bela Bartok 1881 - 1945 • A pianist • Toured Eastern Europe, Turkey, North Africa • Published 2000 tunes • Refused to play in Germany • Emigrated to the U.S. in 1940 • Worked for the Folk Music Collection at Columbia University
Bela Bartok • Unrecognized in the United States • Wrote no new music for several years • 1943 - commissioned by the Boston Symphony Orchestra and wrote the Concerto for Orchestra
Bartok the Ethnomusicologist, Pianist, and Composer • Many compositions are colored by the native music of Eastern Europe • The piano is featured in many of his works • Composed a long series of graded works called Mikrokosmos • His most profound works are his string quartets
Concerto for Orchestra • Introduction • Game of the Pairs • Elegy • Intermezzo interrotto • Finale
Other National Schools • France • Les Six • Darius Milhaud (1892 - 1974) • The Creation of the World • Arthur Honegger (1892 - 1955) • Pacific 231 • Germaine Tailleferre (1892 - 1983) • Marchand d'Oiseaux, 1923 • Francis Poulenc (1899 - 1963) • Dialogues of the Carmelites • Georges Auric (1899 - 1983) • Les Mariès de la Tour Eiffel • Louis Durey (1888 - 1979) • Le Bestiaire (Guillaume Apollinaire) Op 17a
Les Six(without Durey) • Taileferre • Milhaud • Honegger • Auric • Poulenc • Cocteau • Meyer • Wiener
Russia • Sergei Rachmaninoff (1873 - 1943) • 2nd Piano Concerto • Alexander Scriabin (1872 - 1915) • Poem of Fire • Sergei Prokofiev (1891 - 1953) • Peter and the Wolf • Dimitri Shostakovich (1906 - 1975) • 15 Symphonies
England • Ralph Vaughn Williams (1872 - 1958) • Fantasia on Greensleeves • Benjamin Britten (1913 - 1976) • Peter Grimes
Germany • Paul Hindemith (1895 - 1963) • Mathis der Maler • Carl Orff (1895 - 1982) • Carmina Burana • Kurt Weill (1900 - 1950) • The Three - Penny Opera
Hungary • Zoltan Kodaly (1882 - 1967) • Harry Janos • Czechoslovakia • Leos Janacek (1855 - 1928) • Jenufa • Spain • Isaac Albeniz (1860 - 1909) • Suite Iberia • Enrique Granados (1867 - 1916) • Goyescas • Manuel de Falla (1876 - 1946) • The Three - Cornered Hat
Other National Schools • Finland • Jean Sibelius (1865 - 1957) • Finlandia • Denmark • Carl Nielsen (1865 - 1931) • 6 Symphonies • Switzerland • Ernest Bloch (1880 - 1959) • Schelomo