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Bioenergy Platforms and Technologies. By Prof. Thomson Sinkala tsinkala@gmail.com CHAIRMAN, Biofuels Association of Zambia. Presented at the Regional Workshop on MAINSTREAMING AFRICA BIOENERGY POLICY FRAMEWORK AND GUIDELINES Organised by

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  1. Bioenergy Platforms and Technologies By Prof. Thomson Sinkala tsinkala@gmail.com CHAIRMAN, Biofuels Association of Zambia Presented at the Regional Workshop on MAINSTREAMING AFRICA BIOENERGY POLICY FRAMEWORK AND GUIDELINES Organised by African Union and United Nations Economic Commission for Africa 16 – 18 September, Nairobi, KENYA A powerful bioenergy feedstock from our body FROM: http://www.sswm.info FROM: http://designtaxi.com

  2. CONTENTS • Bioenergy production technologies • Research, development, demonstration and deployment • Institutional and technical capacity development • Conclusions

  3. BIOENERGY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES

  4. GENERAL ORGANISATION OF TECHNOLOGIES Fuel wood Charcoal Agricultural waste Wood pellets Biogas Bioethanol(equivalent of gasoline) Biodiesel (equivalent of diesel), and Bioelectricity

  5. Examples of Firewood Production Technologies and Use Easy to transport Clean cooking stove A lot in store, few trips Easy to harvest A burden to carry Unhealthy cooking Little in store, many trips Strenuous to harvest

  6. Examples of Charcoal Fuel Technologies and Use

  7. Example of Agricultural Waste for Cooking Cooking Heaping Drying Litter

  8. Examples of Wood Pellet Processing

  9. Economics between charcoal and wood pellets Cost structure of charcoal Blantyre and Lilongwe FROM: Kambewa P. etal. 2007. Charcoal: the reality - A study of charcoal consumption, trade and production in Malawi. pubs.iied.org/pubs/pdfs/13544IIED.pdf. Energy efficiency of selected cooking fuels • Based on the Malawi study, charcoal costs • 6.0 to 10 US$/40 Kg bag (Malawi), or US$2,700/Ha for 15 tons of wood cleared. • Pellets from wood shavings cost about • 3.0 to 5 US$/40 Kg bag (Zambia, personal communications with Dr. Per Lofberg of Vagga till Vagga AB of Sweden)

  10. Example of Biogas Production (FROM: http://www.google.co.zm/imgres?imgurl=)

  11. Agro/Bioenergy Production Synergies (FROM: biogas.ifas.ufl.edu)

  12. Electricity Production from Biogas (FROM: http://www.google.co.zm/imgres?imgurl=)

  13. Biogas Market Biogas generator (Alibaba) Biogas fridge Biogas cookstove Biogas car (oneighturbo.com) BIOGAS (One Stop Gas) Biogas train (www.metaefficient.com) Biogas lamp Biogas bus (Sweden) Biogas motorbike (www.inforse.org) Biogas truck

  14. Examples of Bioethanol Feedstocks + Grass and Wood

  15. Bioethanol Feedstock Characteristics (Costs are for Zambia)

  16. Bioethanol, bioelectricity and fertiliser (FROM: http://www.sseassociation.org/Publications/feasibilitystudyofsweetsorghum.pdf)

  17. Modular Biorefineries and their Importance • Can be commissioned within 5 - 8 months. • No need for large start-up capital. • Can process multiple feedstocks. • Minimum 500,000 L/year (1,670 L/day) bioethanol. • Minimum 360,000 L/year (1,000 L/day) biodiesel. Fermentation module E.g. Mansego Modular Bioethanol Refinery Distillation module Dehydration module Liquefaction module

  18. Bioethanol Market Flexi fuel generator Bioethanol fridge Bioethanol cookstove Flexi fuel car Eg. BIOETHANOL A One-Stop Fuel Flexi fuel plane Bioethanol lantern Bioethanol truck Flexi fuel motorbike Bioethanol bus

  19. Examples of Biodiesel Feedstocks Animal Fat, Waste Cooking Oil, Algae and Wood +

  20. Biodiesel Feedstock Characteristics (Costs are for Zambia)

  21. Biodiesel Processing

  22. Biomass for Electricity Generation in Biodiesel Processing (SOURCE: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_bCNdcYdqloQ/S9jg4-iNsFI/AAAAAAAAAMA/E7jJT3RVEfQ/s1600/palmtree-biomass.jpg)

  23. Electricity Generation from Biomass (SOURCE: http://www.mpoweruk.com/biofuels.htm)

  24. Range in recent levelized cost of energy for selected commercially available renewable-energy technologies FROM: www.unep.org/greeneconomy

  25. RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, DEMONSTRATION AND DEPLOYMENT

  26. Activities include identifying and addressing the challenges for sustainable bioenergy production through good industry governance, field trials, applied research, capacity building, modelingand analysis.

  27. Feedstock for Wood, Charcoal and Pellets • EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH AREAS • Fast-growing and water-efficient forest plants • Sustainable wood harvest • Efficient/cost-effective forest management • Incorruptible forestry governance and licensing

  28. Cookstoves (FROM: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov)

  29. (FROM: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov)

  30. Feedstock Supply and Logistics Feedstock constitutes about 70% of final bioenergy product. Providing biomass for conversion into biofuels represents an economic opportunity for communities across Africa. This requires developing the technologies and systems needed to sustainably and economically deliver a broad range of biomass in formats that enable efficient use in biorefineries.

  31. Feedstock Supply and Logistics (continued) • The diverse biomass transformed by these technologies and systems must be consistent, quality-controlled commodity products that can be efficiently handled, stored, and transported to biorefineriesfor processing. • This work requires a complementary focus on feedstock supply interfaces and logistics, as follows (http://apps1.eere.energy.gov). • • Interfaces: To develop compatibility at interfaces with commercial-scale handling equipment and conversion processes, R&D should explore biomass specifications and characteristics, the effects of various handling techniques, and the resulting impacts on conversion performance. • • Logistics: R&D is required for systems for harvesting, collecting, preprocessing, storing, and transporting diverse forms of biomass more efficiently. • Therefore it is important to also research and develop equipment and systems to improve biomass quality, reduce costs, and increase productivity.

  32. INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

  33. INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT • Government • Policies, regulations and standards • Governance • Information on value for investment (e.g. balance sheet approach) • Etc • Industry • Feedstocks • Technologies • Production efficiencies • Etc

  34. Public / consumers • Consumer information • Value chain information • Products • Standards • Etc • Universities / Educational Institutions • Mainstreaming bioenergy in curricula • Research, development and demonstration • Etc

  35. NGOs • Community needs and information • Bioenergy industry participatory methods • Community resource management • Land rights • Gender issues • Etc • RECs • Identifying and providing info on best practices in bioenergy development • Capacity building in cross-border bioenergy issues • Etc

  36. CONCLUSIONS

  37. Africa has resources (material and human), but lacks productive action. • Available technologies can be used to establish a vibrant bioenergy industry in Africa. • Bioenergy is (probably) the only industry that can benefit all on sustainable basis. • Economic empowerment from bioenergy industry, if well organised, can reduce conflicts and save the environment.

  38. Thank you for your attention

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