Agriculture: Origins, Regions, and Mapping

1. An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 9e James M. Rubenstein Chapter 10 Agriculture Geog 1050 Victoria Alapo, Instructor

2. Agricultural Origins and Regions • Origins of agriculture • Hunters and gatherers • Invention of agriculture • Location of agricultural hearths • Vegetative planting, seed agriculture • Classifying agricultural regions • Subsistence vs. commercial agriculture • Subsistence is grown for yourself and family; commercial is solely grown for business • Mapping agricultural regions

3. Vegetative Planting Hearths There were several main hearths, or centers of origin, for vegetative crops (roots and tubers, etc.), from which the crops diffused to other areas.

4. Seed Agriculture Hearths Seed agriculture also originated in several hearths and diffused from those elsewhere.

5. Labor Force in Agriculture A large proportion of workers in most LDCs are in agriculture, while only a small percentage of workers in MDCs are engaged in agriculture.

6. Tractors, per Population Tractors per 1,000 people. Use of machinery is extensive in most MDC agriculture, but it is much less common in LDCs.

7. World Agriculture Regions Locations of the major types of subsistence and commercial agriculture.

8. World Rice Production Asian farmers grow over 90% of the world’s rice. India and China alone account for over half of world rice production.

9. World Corn (Maize) Production The U.S. and China are the leading producers of corn (maize) in the world. Much of the corn in both countries is used for animal feed.

10. World Milk Production Milk production reflects culture, environment, sometimes wealth. It is usually high in MDCs, especially production per capita, and varies considerably in LDCs. However, not all cultures drink milk or can digest it, so it’s not necessarily a sign of wealth. Traditional Yorubas never drank milk, and yet they were not poor. They ate curds, instead (a product of milk).

11. World Wheat Production China is the world’s leading wheat producer, but the U.S. and Canada account for about half of world wheat exports.

12. Grain Importers and Exporters Most countries are net importers of grain. The U.S. is the largest net exporter.

13. Meat Production on Ranches Cattle, sheep, and goats are the main meat animals raised on ranches.

14. Desertification Hazard The most severe desertification hazards are in northern Africa, central Australia, and the southwestern parts of Africa, Asia, North America, and South America (the fringes of the major deserts of the world).

15. The Sahel The Sahel, which is south of the Sahara, frequently faces drought and food shortages, as does the Horn of Africa. This boundary is an area of cultural, religious and physical mix.