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THE TORO ET AL. STUDY (RATS)

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THE TORO ET AL. STUDY (RATS)

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  1. Fig. 1. Average number of high amplitude sucks per minute for babies in the control (speaker change, dotted lines) and experimental (speaker and language change, solid lines) groups. Minutes are numbered from the time of change. Error bars represent 61 SEM. (A) Natural sentences played forward. (B) Same sentences synthesized. (C) Same sentences synthesized and played backward. Fig. 2. Number of tamarins responding positively (white bars) and negatively (hatched bars) to test sentence depending on condition: language or speaker change, sentences played forward or backward. (A) Natural sentences. (B) Synthesized sentences. (C) Data from experiments 2A and 2B pooled together. *P , 0.05. **P , 0.01.

  2. THE TORO ET AL. STUDY (RATS)

  3. A few years ago we began to explore the brain neural substrate of speech processing by very young infants. PEÑA ET AL (2003) Sounds and Silence: An OT study of language recognition. If we had not worried so much about publishing this paper We would have entiteled it “..speech processing.”

  4. We were interested in the FW vs BW discrimination and lateralization

  5. To run the PNAS study we used a ETG 100 at a Trieste Hospital Our procedure was as follows:

  6. PLOT OF GRAND AVERAGE OF TOT.Hb (mmol/mm) OVER 5 SEC WINDOWS FW BW Sil

  7. After Marcela and her colleagues finished their work We received an ETG 4000 This machine has channels separated by 2cm and we ordered a set of probes with a 3cm distance The wavelength between the machines was also modified Shukla, Peña, et al. decided to replicate the PNAS results

  8. LH 1 2 2 1 RH 3 4 5 5 4 3 6 7 7 6 8 9 10 10 9 8 Fw Bw Sil .1 -.1 11 12 12 11 Fw > Bw (at Ch7,8,911 of both Hemispheres) ; P <0.026) -5 35

  9. LH RH 1 2 2 1 3 4 5 5 4 3 6 7 7 6 8 9 10 10 9 8 Fw Bw Sil .1 -.1 11 12 12 11 -5 35

  10. LH 1 2 2 1 RH 3 4 5 5 4 3 6 7 7 6 8 9 10 10 9 8 Fw Bw Sil .1 -.1 11 12 12 11 -5 35

  11. LH 1 2 2 1 RH 3 4 5 5 4 3 6 7 7 6 8 9 10 10 9 8 Fw Bw Sil .1 -.1 11 12 12 11 -5 35

  12. LH RH 1 2 2 1 3 4 5 5 4 3 6 7 7 6 8 9 10 10 9 8 Fw Bw Sil .1 -.1 11 12 12 11 -5 35

  13. LH 1 2 2 1 RH 3 4 5 5 4 3 6 7 7 6 8 9 10 10 9 8 Fw Bw Sil .1 -.1 11 12 12 11 -5 35

  14. The Shukla et al studies tend to be quite similar to the ones we had observed in Trieste. However, the results did not indicate that the LH (lower channels) respond more to FW than the homologous channels on the RH AN IMPORTANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BOTH STUDIES WAS DUE TO HOW THE PROBES WERE PLACED. IN THE UDINE STUDY THREE PEOPLE PLACED PROBES WHICH WAS NOT THE CASE IN THE TRIESTE STUDY A NEW REPLICATION WAS RUN WITH A VERY SMALL NUMBER OF INFANTS BUT WITH MARCELA PLACING THE PROBES

  15. LH RH 1 2 2 1 3 4 5 5 4 3 6 7 7 6 p<0.05 8 9 10 10 9 8 Fw Bw Sil .1 -.1 11 12 12 11 -5 35

  16. LH RH 1 2 2 1 3 4 5 5 4 3 6 7 7 6 8 9 10 10 9 8 Fw Bw Sil .1 -.1 11 12 12 11 -5 35

  17. LH 1 2 2 1 RH 3 4 5 5 4 3 6 7 7 6 8 9 10 10 9 8 Fw Bw Sil .1 -.1 11 12 12 11 -5 35

  18. COLLABORATORS: MARCELA MOHINISH JUDIT AGNES

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