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Selective Gene Expression

Selective Gene Expression. Pancreas cell. Eye lens cell (in embryo). Nerve cell. Crystallin gene (keep transparency & refractive index for lens clear). Glycolysis enzyme genes (for respiration for energy). Haemoglobin gene (protein for oxygen transportation). Insulin gene

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Selective Gene Expression

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  1. Selective Gene Expression Pancreas cell Eye lens cell (in embryo) Nerve cell Crystallin gene (keep transparency & refractive index for lens clear) Glycolysis enzyme genes (for respiration for energy) Haemoglobin gene (protein for oxygen transportation) Insulin gene (needed for regulation Of glucose in blood) Extension – can you think of other genes that would be needed to be expressed or other cells and gene? Once a cell becomes differentiated it only expresses the genes that produce the proteins characteristic for that type of cell. So which would be turned on ......

  2. Eye lens cell (in embryo) Pancreascell Nerve cell Patterns of gene expression in specialized human cells Glycolysis enzyme genes Crystallin gene Insulin gene Hemoglobin gene Key: Inactive gene Active gene

  3. What are stem cells? Stem cells are unspecialised cells that have the ability to reproduce and differentiate into a diverse range of specialised cells.

  4. Learning Outcomes Identify the different types of stem cells Understand the requirements for specialised cells and examine different tissues Define the term somatic cell Explore the ethical, financial and progress made in stem cell research

  5. Stem cell jargon/definitions PotencyA measure of how many types of specialized cell a stem cell can make

  6. Stem cell jargon/definitions PotencyA measure of how many types of specialized cell a stem cell can make

  7. Where are stem cells found? zygote stem cells Totipotent can diffrerentiate into all cells and placenta/ umbilical cord etc. tissue stem cells fetus, baby and throughout life embryonic stem cells blastocyst - a very early embryo about 50-100 cells

  8. What is a stem cell? Stem cell Stem cell DIFFERENTIATION (specializing) SELF-RENEWAL (copying) Identical stem cells Specialized cells

  9. Why self-renew AND differentiate? 1 stem cell 4 specialized cells 1 stem cell Differentiation - replaces dead or damaged cells throughout your life Self renewal - maintains the stem cell pool

  10. What is a stem cell? stem cell SELF-RENEWAL (copying) REPRODUCE DIFFERENTIATION (specializing) specialized cell e.g. muscle cell, nerve cell stem cell Repeated mitosis and cell division while remaining undifferentiated

  11. Differentiation in somatic cells • All differentiated cells (except reproductive cells) derived from stem cells are called somatic cells. • Somatic cells form several different types of body tissues; • Epithelial cells cover the body surface and line body cavities. • Connective tissue includes blood, bone and cartilage cells, • Muscle cells form muscle tissue • Nerve cells form nervous tissue.

  12. Epithial into goblet cells, ciliated cells, skin cells – all cells lining including blood vessels.

  13. Tissue stem cells: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) Bone (osteoblasts) Cartilage (chondrocytes) MSC bone marrow Fat (adipocytes) committed progenitors specialized cells

  14. Tissue stem cells: Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) neutrophil NK cell T cell B cell dendritic cell HSC platelets megakaryocyte erythrocytes bone marrow macrophage eosinophil basophil specialized cells committed progenitors

  15. Tissue stem cells: Neural stem cells (NSCs) Neurons Interneurons Oligodendrocytes Type 2 Astrocytes Type 1 Astrocytes NSC brain committed progenitors specialized cells

  16. Tissue stem cells: Gut stem cells (GSCs) Paneth cells Goblet cells GSC Endocrine cells Columnar cells Small intestine committed progenitors specialized cells

  17. Stem cell research Stem cell research provides us with a wealth of information and can be studied in a variety of ways, including: • how cell processes such as growth, differentiation and gene regulation work • the study of diseases and their development • drug testing • therapeutic uses in the treatment of diseases such as leukaemia (bone marrow transplant), Hunter’s disease and heart disease • therapeutic uses in medicine, including skin grafts for burns and stem cell grafts for cornea repair.

  18. Research of stem cells Therapeutic uses stem cells Issues with stem cells

  19. Research of stem cells Model cells to study how diseases occur/ develop or for drug testing Information on how cell processes work (e.g.cell growth, differentiation and gene regulation) Ethics of embryo – when does life start? Bone marrow transplants Skin grafts for burns Expensive Therapeutic uses stem cells e.g. Repair damaged or diseased tissue Issues with stem cells Unknown potential risk Reduces alternative research into cures/therapies Stem cell grafts for cornea repair

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