Cancer in Adults

1. Cancer in Adults Presented by: Vanessa Milchorena Juan Muratalla Alfonso Mercado Erik Mejia Edgar Mejia

2. What is Cancer? • Uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells. May spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream

3. Agenda • Breast Cancer - Vanessa • Skin Cancer – Juan • Lung Cancer - Alfonso • Leukemia – Erik • Cancer Alley - Edgar

4. Breast Cancer

5. What is Breast Cancer? • The uncontrolled growth of abnormal breast cells • Cells break away from the original tumor and travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to remote parts of the body, where they grow into new tumors

6. Statistics • Every two minutes a woman in the US is diagnosed with breast cancer. In 2006, 40,000 women are expected to die from this disease. • Breast cancer is the leading cancer among white women. African American women are more likely to die from this disease

7. Statistics • Breast cancer incidence in women is one in eight today. • A Woman’s Chances of Breast Cancer Increases With Age  • By age 30 1 out of 2,212 • By age 40 1 out of 235 • By age 50 1 out of 54 • By age 60 1 out of 23 • By age 70 1 out of 14 • By age 80 1 out of 10 • Ever 1 out of 8

8. Symptoms • The most common suspicious change is the appearance of a lump or swollen area in the breast or underarm. • An alteration in the breast's shape or size • A reddening of the breast skin • Discharge of clear or bloody material from the nipple • Changes to the nipple, such as a retracting or flakiness • The areola becoming puckered, flat or tight

9. Breast Cancer Links • Hereditary • Obese / High Fat Diet • Living within one mile of hazardous waste sites - (women have 6.5 times the incidence of breast cancer) • Pesticides • Ionizing Radiation • Phthalates

10. Prevention • Changes in lifestyle • Studies have linked being obese, physically inactive, two or more alcoholic drinks a day, having first child after 35. • Self Breast Exams

11. Prevention • Phase out chemicals known to cause cancer or genetic harm and test all others to determine the effects on human health and the environment • Hold corporations accountable for hazardous practices and offer incentives for clean, green practices • Educate the public about the health effects of radiation and on how to reduce their exposure • Establish a comprehensive biomonitoring program to measure the presence of chemicals in people and track resultant health outcomes.

12. Skin Cancer

13. What is Skin Cancer? • Skin Cancer is a disease which cancer malignant cells are found in the outer layer of your skin. • The skin has two layers and several kinds of cells. The top layer is called epidermis. Which contains three kinds of cells squamos cells, basal cells & melanocytes cells.

14. Statistics Melanoma in the United States 2005 • New Cases 59,600 • Deaths Per Year 7,800 • 5 Year Survival rate 91%

15. Common Forms of Skin Cancer • Basal cell carcinoma is a slow-growing cancer that seldom spreads to other parts of the body. • Squamous cell carcinoma spreads more often than basal cell carcinoma, but still is considered rare. • Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer.

16. Causes of Skin Cancer • Cancers generally are caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors

17. Causes of Skin Cancer • Sunburn and UV light can damage your skin. This can lead to skin cancer. • Hereditary- If there is a history of skin cancer in your family and if you are fair skin. • Environment- Ultra violet (UV) radiation from the sun is the main cause of skin cancer.

18. Environment • The level of (uv) light today is higher than it was 50 years ago. This is due to a reduction of the Ozone in earths atmosphere.

19. Environment • Ozone serves as a filter to screen out and reduce the amount of UV light. • This layer has been thinning mostly because of human activity.

20. Environment • Ozone is mainly broken down by chemicals called ChloroFluoroCarbons CFC's and also by nitrogen oxides. • CFCs are the major category of man-made halocarbons.

21. Prevention and Early Detection • Limit direct sun exposure during midday usually between the hours of 10AM and 4PM • Cover up-wear clothing to protect as much skin as possible. Long-sleeved shirts, long pants, or long skirts • Avoid tanning parlors and artificial tanning devices. • Get vitamin D safely through a healthy diet that includes vitamin supplements. • Examine your skin

22. Prevention

23. Normal Mole Vs. Melanoma

24. How is Skin Cancer Treated? • For basal cell or squamous cell cancers, a cure is highly likely if detected and treated early. • Melanoma, even tough it can spread to other body parts quickly, is curable if detected early and treated properly. • Surgery is the standard treatment for melanoma, as well as other skin cancers. However, if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, doctors may use other treatments, such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy or a combination of these methods.

25. Lung Cancer

26. What is Lung Cancer? • Lung cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in one or both of the lungs.

27. Causes of Lung Cancer • Smoking is by far the leading risk factor for lung cancer. Tobacco smoke causes more than 8 out of 10 cases of lung cancer. • Asbestos - People who work with asbestos have a higher risk of getting lung cancer.

28. Causes of Lung Cancer • Radon is a radioactive gas made by the natural breakdown of uranium, which is found at higher than normal levels in the soil in some parts of the US. Radon can’t be seen, tasted, or smelled. • Air pollution: In some cities, air pollution may slightly increase the risk of lung cancer.

29. Stats on Lung Cancer • In 2005, an estimated 172,570 new cases of lung cancer will be diagnosed, making it the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in the United States and accounting for 13 percent of all cancer diagnoses.

30. Prevention • Stop Smoking • Limit the exposure time to harm full airborne contaminates. • The government can enact new laws that prevent companies from emitting harmful fumes into the atmosphere. • Drive cars that are Ultra-Low-Emission or Partial-Zero-Emission.

31. Leukemia

32. What is Leukemia? • Leukemia Defined: Several Types of Cancers affecting Blood Cells • Cells affected by the disease are: • Oxygen Carrying Red Blood Cells • Infection Fighting White Blood Cells, such as Macrophages and Lymphocytes. • Platelets which aid in Blood Clotting may be affected.

33. Beginnings of Leukemia • Blood Cells are made in the bone marrow. • Leukemia begins with a progenitor (Immature Cell in the Marrow) becomes cancerous, and multiplies uncontrollably. Leukemia Cell do not function properly. • The marrow is over crowded, production of healthy blood cells suppressed by Leukemia cells.

34. Classification of Leukemia • Two types of Leukemia • Lymphocytic Leukemia • Myelocytic Leukemia • Sub Categorization of the Two Types usually through growth rate. • Chronic VS Accute.

35. Causes of Leukemia • Cause Unknown • Risk Factors have been Identified. • Known Risk factors: Benzene exposure, Chemotherapy, Radiation, Genetics • Difficult to Prove in Judicial Cases because of “Risk Factors”

36. Remedies • What can we as a Society do to alleviate the Situation?

37. Cancer Alley

38. Cancer Alley • The term, "Cancer Alley,” was coined in the 1980s by Louisiana activists to describe a pollution-ridden industrial corridor that is home to seven oil refineries and about 350 industrial and chemical plants.

39. Cancer Alley • Cancer Alley is made up by the stretch (about 100 miles) of the Mississippi River between Baton Rouge and New Orleans, Louisiana.

40. Pipelines

41. Environment

42. History • Prior to the arrival of industrial plants in the 18th and 19th centuries, cotton and sugarcane plantations dominated the region around present day Cancer Alley. • Petrochemical plants and refineries began to take over the area in the early 20th century. • In 1909, Standard Oil (now Exxon-Mobile) established a refinery in Baton Rouge and industries improved the economy of the communities. -- the prosperity came at the cost of the community’s health.

43. Cancer Alley Facts • Plastic is a petroleum product so it follows that where there are oil wells and refineries, there are also plastic and chemical facilities… all of which leak chemicals into the Mississippi River. • The chemical producing sites of Cancer Alley are often near minority and/or low socio-economic communities. • Louisiana development officials and industry supporters dispute the cancer association, claiming the area's cancer rates is typical of the rest of the country.

44. Cancer Alley Facts • Louisiana ranks 2nd highest in overall cancer mortality rates among all the states • The annual age-adjusted mortality rate for cancer deaths per 100,000 people is 230.4 in Louisiana or 15 percent greater than the national average (national average is 199.8 people).

45. Cancer Alley Facts • People who live in counties near Cancer Alley have a high death rate, compared to the national average, and a high cancer rate. • (MORTALITY AND TOXICS ALONG THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER Washington, DC: Greenpeace, 1988) • In 23 municipalities (out of the 194), cancer clusters were identified: Of the 23 communities that had cancer clusters, nine communities had 5 or more elevated cancer death rates. • The Mississippi below St. Louis is a chemical sewer, and people who derive their drinking water from it are twice as likely to get colon and rectal cancer as those who don't drink from it.

46. Recent News • Refineries and drilling rigs in 13 different sites have spilled tens of thousands of barrels of oil. • EPA reports that the majority of the 23 million pounds of toxic waste released into the air are in two zip code areas of “Cancer Alley”, primarily inhabited by Blacks.

47. Recent News • There was nothing "natural" about Katrina's aftermath -- it was the exclamation point to decades of environmental racism and exploitation in the region. • Almost all 140 chemical plants between New Orleans and Baton Rouge have sustained damage from Katrina • “At least two hazardous waste sites are underwater, at least two oil refinery sites are shut down and possibly flooded,” (Darryl Malek-Wiley a grassroots Environmental Justice Organizer in Louisiana)

48. Conclusion “Does this prove industrial pollution causes cancer? It does not. Does it make you think twice about moving into a high-chemical neighborhood, or a neighborhood with lots of dumps? It does us.” --Peter Montague

49. Sources • http://www.breastcancer.org/ • http://www.lungcanceronline.org • http://www.skincancer.org/ • http://www.luekemia.org/ • http://www.americancancersociety.org/

50. Any Questions?