Food Movement Doing things Working Sunlight

1. What do you think of when you hear the wordENERGY?(make a list of words that makes you think of energy) • Food • Movement • Doing things • Working • Sunlight

2. Energy Where do they get the energy to go down the hill? Essential Question: Why is energy so important to us?

3. EVERYDAY ENERGY? What types of energy do you encounter everyday? How does energy get from one place to another? It will either transform or transfer.

4. So what is ENERGY?!?! Energy is NOT matter and is actually very difficult to define... Textbooks define it as … “The ability to do work” We will define it by providing examples of energy and the effects it has on objects. There are many different types of energy…

5. Types of Energy We have already talked about many different types of energy. ALL energy can be classified as either Potential Energy or Kinetic Energy.

6. Gravitational POTENTIAL Energy (GPE) Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)is the stored energy of an object resulting from the object’s position in a system. GPE relies on the height of the object in the system…the higher the object the more GPE it has. If you add GPE to KE + heat you get Total Energy (TE)TE= GPE + KE + heat

7. Kinetic Energy (KE) Kinetic Energy (KE) - the energy of motion. The energy associated with moving objects is called kinetic energy (KE), and is often referred to as the most fundamental form of energy. The size of the KE is determined by an object’s speed and its mass.

8. Review of Energy Forms

9. Mechanical Energy Kinetic Energy (KE) - the energy of motion. The energy associated with moving objects is called kineticenergy (KE), and is often referred to as the most fundamental form of energy. The size of the KE is determined by an object’s speed and its mass. A moving baseball has kinetic energy. If you have ever been hit by a pitched ball, you are aware of the energy a moving object can have. Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)- the stored energy of position. This is energy that an object possesses due to its position. The size of the GPE is determined by the object’s mass and its height above the ground. A person climbing a ladder increases her height above the ground, she increases her GPE.

10. Heat Energy (HE) or Thermal Energy-is the random kinetic energy of particles. Heat energy is the random, and very disorganized, kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. The thermal energy of an object consists of the total kinetic energy of all its atoms and molecules. It is a form of energy related to heat and temperature. Thermal energy can be created internally with chemical, nuclear and electrical reactions. It can also be created or increased from external effects, such as mechanical motion, radiation and thermal conduction.

11. Chemical Energy (CE) - Theenergy held in the covalent bonds between atoms in a molecule is called chemical energy.Every bond has a certain amount of energy. To break the bond requires energy, it is called endothermic (energy is absorbed). These broken bonds then join together to create new molecules, and in the process release heat, chemists call this exothermic (energy is released).. If the total heat given out is more than the heat taken in then the whole reaction is called exothermic, and the chemicals get hot.

12. Nuclear Power- Nuclear power plants split the nuclei of uranium atoms in a process called fission. The sun combines the nuclei of hydrogen atoms in a process called fusion. Scientists are working on creating fusion energy on earth, so that someday there might be fusion power plants. Nuclear Power Salem Nuclear Power Plant

13. Chemical Energy It is the energy that holds electrons together that move around the nucleus. Happens in the Electron Cloud The energy can be released when the bonds are broken. Small Amount of Energy released Examples Digestion, burning fossil fuels Nuclear Energy It is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom. Happens in the Nucleus The energy can be released when the nuclei are combined or split apart. Large amount of Energy released Examples Sun,x-rays, Nuclear Power Chemical Energy vs. Nuclear Energy

14. Electromagnetic Energy –Electromagnetic energy is the energy that comes from electromagnetic radiation. This radiation is composed of waves, such as radio waves and visible light, that move at the speed of light in a way that is suggestive of both waves and particles. Electromagnetic radiation causes both electric and magnetic fields. Only a small part of the electromagnetic field is visible; this part of the electromagnetic spectrum is known as the visible spectrum.

15. Sound Energy-Sound energy is the energy produced by sound vibrations as they travel through a specific medium. Sound vibrations cause waves of pressure which lead to some level of compression and rarefaction in the mediums through which the sound waves travel. Sound energy is, therefore, a form of mechanical energy; it is not contained in small particles and it is not related to any chemical change, but is purely related to the pressure its vibrations cause. Sound energy is typically not used for electrical power or for other human energy needs because the amount of energy that can be gained from sound is quite small.

17. Elastic Potential Energy (EPE) - Elastic potential energy is the potential energy of an elastic object (like a bow or a spring) that is deformed under tension or compression(often termed under the word stress by physicists). It happens as a result of a force that tries to restore the object to its original shape, which is most often the electromagnetic force between the atoms and molecules that make up the object. If the stretch is released, it is transformed into mechanical energy.

19. What’s the Difference between energy transfer and energy transformation? Energy transfer is when the same energy is transferred to another object. When you kick a soccer ball down the field with your moving leg! Energy transformation is when one energy type changes into another type of energy. A rollercoaster that is stopped on top of the hill rolls down the track.

20. Types of Energy TRANSFER

21. Energy TRANSFER: Energytransfer - is how the same type of energy is passed from one object to another object. There are only THREE ways that energy can be transferred between objects…

22. Energy TRANSFER: Method 1: Conduction The transfer of energy through matter by direct contact of particles. Examples: a pot on a stove, a metal spoon in a bowl of hot soup.

23. EnergyTRANSFER: Method 2: Convection The transfer of energy by the movement of gases or liquids. (fluid movement only!!!) Hot fluids will rise while cold fluids will sink… this creates a swirling motion. Examples: Hurricanes, pasta or rice swirling in boiling water, a hot air balloon.

24. Energy TRANSFER: Method : Radiation The transfer of energy in the form of a wave. (mechanical or electromagnetic waves) Examples: How Earth gets it’s energy from the sun, a microwave oven cooking food, sound.

25. 1. 3. 3. 2.

26. 1. Conduction 3. Convection 3. 2. Radiation

27. Energy in Systems Energy can move from place to place or change from one type to another… Energy transformation – is changing from one type of energy into a different type of energy. Energy transfer - is how the same type of energy is passed from one object to another object.

28. Warm up A bowling ball is sitting on a table is pushed off by your little brother. As it falls, it hits a skateboard and rolls across the floor. Explain what happened to both the ball and skateboard. using the terms… Energy Transfer And Energy Transformation Where did the bowling ball get it’s energy from? Your little brother! What kind of energy allowed him to move the ball Chemical

29. Warm up Answer Bowling Ball • KE Energy was transferred to the bowling ball to put the ball in motion. The balls energy was transformed from GPE to KE. Skateboard • KE Energy was transferred from the bowling ball to the skateboard. The skateboards energy was transformed from GPE to KE. Is there any friction here? If so, where?

30. You will drop a golf ball and a fuzzy ball from four different heights (25cm, 50cm, 75 cm and 100cm) looking for evidence of energy by a change that is produced by each one. Dropping Golf Balls ...

31. Let’s Investigate Each person has received a lab paper with 7 Questions and a set of directions from A-D. Work together on this lab! You must do these in order… so if some Questions come first, answer the question BEFORE going on to the direction steps!!! Answer the questions on your lab paper and review your data table. You may discuss the answers and data as a group, but DONOT copy answers from other groups…write your own! *Helpful Tips* • Don’t drop the ball next to the meter stick. • Don’t let the ball hit the bottom of pan…redo the drop. • Have enough sand to drop the ball into.

32. Data Table • One column is for the golf ball and one column is for the fuzzy ball. • Use little ruler to measure the width of the crater in cm. • Then Use the ruler to smooth the sand. • Record your answers. • Clean up when you are finished! Answer post lab questions.*

33. Investigation Results 1.)The golf ball does not have any KE since it is not moving. It does not have the ability to move on its own due to its position (sitting in the sand) so it does not have any GPE. If KE = 0J and GPE = 0J then ME is also 0J!!! 2.)The golf ball now has GPE b/c it is above the ground… it now has a height of 25cm!!! It does not have KE though since it is not moving.

34. Investigation Results 3.)The golf ball got its energy from the person who picked it up and moved it to a height!!! The person TRANSFERRED energy to the ball from themselves when they lifted it!!! This energy came from the person’s muscles. The muscles got their energy from the food you ate. Tracing this flow of energy is called an ENERGY CHAIN.

35. Investigation Results 4.)The ball dropped from the highest point = 100cm caused the biggest crater. 5.)The variable that changed here was the MASS of the ball. Everything else remained constant (stayed the same). The craters produced by the hollow ball w/ less mass were smaller. Mass affects GPE and KE!!!

36. Investigation Results 6.) Both of the balls hit the sand at the same speed!!! (In other words, they fall at the same time!!!)…Watch I’ll show you… The difference between the two balls is the amount of energy!!! The more massive ball possesses more energy!!!

37. Investigation Results 7.) The big point you should have concluded is that MASS affects both GPE and KE. You should have also concluded that the higher the release point, the faster the ball will be traveling when it hits the sand. Gravity speeds up ALL falling objects at the same rate (9.8 m/s2). The greater the speed of the object when it hits the sand, the greater the KE.

38. Revisiting the Golf ball Lab Where did the golf ball get it’s initial (beginning) energy to even move at all? From the person who initially move the ball. Where did “they” get the energy from? They got the energy from the food they ate that day. What kind of energy is that called? Chemical energy

39. Revisiting the Golf ball Lab • MASS affects both GPE and KE. • The higher the release point, the faster the ball will be traveling when it hits the sand. • Gravity speeds up ALL falling objects at the same rate (9.8 m/s2). • The greater the speed of the object the greater the KE.

40. Investigating How Forces Transfer Energy Part A: Creating a Barrier Focus Question: What barrier design will stop the car in the shortest distance? Your task is to create a stopping barrier out of dominoes that will stop the car in the shortest distance possible.

41. Your Mission… • You will answer the pre-lab questions (1-4) BEFORE you start the lab. 2. Practice three or four times before you record your trials. 3. You will stack the dominos at the 60cm mark on the ramp. 4. Draw your design in your table.

42. Pre-Investigation Questions • Question #1:What form of energy is present when the car is sitting at the top of the ramp? How do you know this? • Question #2:What will happen to the energy of the car as it moves down the ramp? What evidence could you collect to justify your answer? • Question #3:When the car strikes the barrier what will happen to the energy of the car? How do you know this? • Question #4:Let’s assume we release the car from rest at the top of your ramp. What can you do to be sure that the car strikes your barrier with the same KE in each trial? Explain.

43. Design your Drawing Draw your design as if you were looking down at it from above. Or draw it from the side if you wish. Place numbers in the blocks if you stacked more than one on top of each other. 3 1 2 3 3 2 2 3 1 2 3 1 3

44. Your Mission… 5. Record the distance in cm from the 60cm mark to the first domino. 6. If your dominos touch the end wall, your trial doesn't count! 7. You can not have any dominos touching the black wall at the end of ramp.

45. Data Table

46. Your Mission… 8. Once you have answered questions 1-4 you may start your lab. 9. After you have completed the domino lab answer questions 5 and 6.

47. Conduct your Investigation Record your results carefully and be prepared to report to the class the design of your barrier that stopped the car in the shortest distance by exerting the largest stopping force and the answers to the questions asked below. Question #5:What forces are causing the car to stop? Question #6:Why is the stopping distance shorter for some arrangements of blocks than for other arrangements?

48. Domino Lab Energy Chain • You group is to construct an energy chain for the domino lab on a poster. • Assume the car is lying on the table. • Draw pictures with your energy chain showing one down hill trial of your car. • Be sure to include the words transformation and transferring in your energy chain as well as the different types of energy.

49. Car and Domino Energy Chain Chemical Energy in your body Transforms Mechanical Energy in your body Transforms/Transfers Gravitational Potential Energy as the car is lifted onto the track Mechanical Energy as the car rolls down the track Transforms Transfers Transforms Mechanical Energy in the domino barrier Transforms Heat Energy from friction

50. Newton’s Laws