Effects of glaciations on the species, phylogenetic and functional diversity of European mammals

1. Synthesizing community ecology, phylogenetics and macroecology 12th EEF Congress, Ávila, 27th September 2011 Effects of glaciations on the species, phylogenetic and functional diversity of European mammals Joaquín Hortal1,2, Marcus V. Cianciaruso2, A. Márcia Barbosa3, L. Mauricio Bini2, Rafael D. Loyola2, Thiago F. Rangel2, Ana M. C. Santos2, J. Alexandre F. Diniz-Filho2 1Dept. Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Spain; 2Dept. Ecologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil; 3Cátedra "RuiNabeiro" - Biodiversidade, CIBIO - Universidade de Évora, Portugal E-mail: jhortal@mncn.csic.es; http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/people/j.hortal

2. community assembly and structure community phylogenetics assembly processes functional diversity Webb et al Ann Rev Ecol Syst 2002

3. current climate or climate changes? Current climate Climate variation since LGM Climate change since LGM has larger effects on mammal richness than current climate Hortal et al in prep 0.208 0.064 0.586 0.142 0.272 0.650

4. current climate or climate changes? Which are the effects of historical climatic changes – and current climate – on the phylogenetic and functional structure of Europan mammals? H1.Northern assemblages are phylogenetically clustered and poor –phylogenetic conservatism in climate adaptations and/or colonization-related traits; Southern assemblages are phylogenetically overdispersed and rich H2.Functional diversity tends towards functional redundancy in the north – selection of traits related to the ability to colonize/persist in these areas; Functional overdispersion is more common in southern assemblages – longer time for coevolution (and thus character displacement).

5. European mammals Bininda-Edmonds et al Nature 2007; Jones et al Ecology 2009; IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.1

6. community structure Phylogenetic richness PD, NPD Functional richness FD, NFD Phylogenetic relatedness MPD, NPRI Functional relatedness MFD, NFRI Phylogenetic density MPNTD, PNTI Functional density MFNTD, FNTI Faith BiolConserv 1992; Webb Am Nat 2000; Webb et al Ann Rev Ecol Syst 2002; Petchey & Gaston Ecol Lett 2002, 2006

7. analytical framework Net PD Net FD T PD FD DP DT P F S¡te 1 . . . Site n S¡te 1 . . . Site n Sp 1 . . . Sp n Random assembly of species (n = 1000)

8. phylogenetic vs trait structure Different ecological processes can produce the same phylogenetic structure Grinnellian(i.e. ecophysiological) and Eltonian(i.e. bionomic) traits can be selected at different rates Trait convergence can disrupt the relationship between phylogenetic and functional structure Some morphological and behavioural traits are related to bionomic responses Webb et al Ann Rev Ecol Syst 2002

9. analytical framework Net PD Net FD Net piFD piFD T PD FD DP DT DpiT piF P F S¡te 1 . . . Site n S¡te 1 . . . Site n S¡te 1 . . . Site n Sp 1 . . . Sp n mantel test Random assembly of species (n = 1000) Derived from Diniz-Filho et al Func Ecol 2011; Safi et al Phil Trans Roy Soc 2011

10. current climate or climate changes? Which are the effects of historical climatic changes and current climate on the phylogenetic and functional structure of Europan mammals? OLS regressions: Current vs Variation since LGM (Temperature, Precipitation)

11. phylogenetic structure H1.1 Northern assemblages are phylogenetically clustered and poor H1.2 Southern assemblages are phylogenetically overdispersed and rich NPD NPRI PNTI ≈ H1.1 H1.2

12. non-phylogenetically structured FD H2.1 Northern assemblages tend towards functional redundancy H2.2 Southern assemblages are functionally overdispersed piNFD piNFRI piFNTI ≈ H2.1 H2.2

13. main results Current climate is more important than historical climate changes for richness and density Climate exerts much greater effects on the phylogenetically-independent functional structure than on phylogenetic structure The assemblages in boreal areas are phylogenetically and functionally more redundant than expected by their species diversity Boreal assemblages are also clustered in terms of phylogenetic and functional density, but not in terms of relatedness

14. thank yougraciasobrigado Joaquín Hortal Dept. Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Spain Dept. Ecologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil E-mail: jhortal@mncn.csic.es; http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/people/j.hortal