Author: Dr Sc Fidel Castro Díaz - Balart

1. Knowledge and Innovation: Challenges and uncertainties for the South Author: Dr Sc Fidel Castro Díaz - Balart Budapest November 2005 World Science Forum

2. Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum • The knowledge Economy, in the context of other issues relevant to development and society. • A developing country eager to close the knowledge – divide. The Cuban experience.

3. Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum KEY FEATURES • The rapid pace of change in specific supporting technologies (mobile telephony, internet, genetic engineering, etc) • Knowledge and information as the principal sources of added value Globalization KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY • Knowledge as the • main “limiting • resource” • Entrepreneurial competition • for innovation, differentiation • and high standards of excellence • Highly qualified human resources • World wide distribution of goods and services in “real time” • Intellectual property protection

4. Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum ECONOMIC WORLD DIVISSION NORTH - DEVELOPED 20% of World Population - 80% resources SOUTH - UNDEVELOPED 80% of World Population - 20% resources North has control of A)World resources: 86% GDP 68% Foreign Investment 71% Trade 82% Export markets 80% Energy resources B)Knowledge&Innovation: 80% world investment in R&D 2.5% of GDP for S&T 93% Internet users 85% Scientific articles 90% Patents

5. Millions of Users Internet users throughout the World 259.6 302.3 221.4 103.1 108.1 Europe 114.3 North America 19.4 Asia 5.3 4.5 13.5 56.2 Middle East 18.1 Africa Latin America / Caribbean 16.3 7.6 2000: 361 Oceania TOTAL 2005: 889 Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum

6. SOLID NORTHERN ECONOMIES vs FRAIL SOUTHERN ECONOMIES Export Technological Intensity with respect to with Total Exports

7. The Biotech Industry Worlwide Year 2005, more than: • 4,000 companies • 300,000 employees • 370 products in clinical trial phase III • 200 FDA* approved drugs and vaccines Revenues: In 1992: 8 Bn USD; 2002: 50 USD Bn. USA EUROPA 94 96 98 94 96 98 ICT Exports, 1996-2003. (% of total) 30% EU USA 4% Japan Latin America and Caribbean 15% East and Southeast 34% Asia 17% Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum

8. Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum Intellectual property rights (I) and Brain – drain (II) • I Trends: Technical barriers and privatization of knowledge. II The number of professionals living away from their country of origin grew from: 75 x 106 in1965 to 120 x 106 in1990 and reached 150 x 106 in 2000. During the past 40 years: • 33% of qualified African professionalsimmigrated to Europe. • 1.1 x 106 Latin American scientist and researchers immigrated to industrialized countries which is equivalent to a transfer of 3 billions US Dollars.

9. Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum Bridging the knowledge - divide: The Cuban Experience

10. 1976 2005 1959 Total enrollment: 300 000 15 609 83 957 Higher Education in Cuba 64 Universities, Institutions and University Graduates 28 3 From 1959 to 2004: more than 750 000 graduates in: Others 8 % Education 37.6 % Medical Sciences 16 % • Sciences: • Social / Humanities • Natural / Exact • Technical/Agricultural/Econ. 38% Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum

11. University of Informatic Sciences • Innovative university for scientific, • academic and productive excellence, that • forms professionals mainly for the software • Industry. • With: • 8000 students and 700 professors. • A high technological installed capacity. • Links with the Cuban enterprise system. • Production based learning process. Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum

12. Investment: In 2004: 1.75 % of its GNP for research activities; 0.82% directly to R&D • There are 15 scientists and engineers working in the science and technology sector per 1000 economically active inhabitants. Science and Technology in Cuba Institutions: 218 institutions, 118 are research centres. Staff: • 31,400 persons work in these institutions, women represent the 52% of the total labor force

13. IPK CNB CIE Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum West Havana Scientific Pole CIGB NEUROSCIENCES CIM I. FINLAY CNIC CENPALAB

14. Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum The Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Industry Strategic concepts for building a biotechnology sector: Closed – loop organizations. • • Export – oriented organization • Building of an Intellectual Property platform. • A tight relationship between research and the industrial strategy

15. Factors contributing to success in Cuba • Strong • science base 8. ¨Soft factors¨: Human resources of excellence 7. S&T strategies coherent with national interests 6. Technology transfer Education, science&tech. 5. Created similar to S&T parks in Biotech and ICT 4. Instituting Networking & Co-operation 3. Capacity building of a “critical mass” of educational and R&D institutions and it’slegal frameworks 2. Developed a national education programme Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum

16. Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum CONCLUDING REMARKS • polarization of science is not only a problem in itself, but also jeopardizes the emergence of viable solutions to other. • The ability to use knowledge is increasingly linked to the ability to generate it. • science benefits from diversity of approaches to a given problem • North-South scientific cooperation as a form of aid to developing countries, rather than as a joint approach to global problems that affect everyone • S&T development in Cuba, steams from Jose Marti central ideas: To be free, first be educated

17. THANK VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum