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Pterophyta

Pterophyta. By: Alex Fitzmorris (Product Representative) Ahmed Khan (Technical Support) McCarty Jenkins (Image Research and Development) Zac Coleman (Slacker) Hour 5 4/6/09. Pterophyta Information. Originated during: Devonian period (359.2-416 million years ago) of the Paleozoic era

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Pterophyta

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  1. Pterophyta By: Alex Fitzmorris (Product Representative) Ahmed Khan (Technical Support) McCarty Jenkins (Image Research and Development) Zac Coleman (Slacker) Hour 5 4/6/09

  2. Pterophyta Information • Originated during: Devonian period (359.2-416 million years ago) of the Paleozoic era • 12,000 different species • About 8,000 live in tropical locations • Others live in deserts, water, cliffs, Arctic regions, etc. • Have adapted to all kinds of habitats

  3. Adapting to Environment • When water is not available, some stop reproduction and become dormant until water is available again (mostly desert ferns) • In ancient times, were huge and were like trees; now there is huge variation in size

  4. Life Cycle of a Fern: • A sporophyte (diploid) phase produces haploid spores by meiosis; • A spore grows by mitosis into a gametophyte, which usually consists of a photosynthetic prothallus • The gametophyte produces gametes (often both sperm and eggs on the same prothallus) by mitosis • A mobile, flagellate sperm fertilizes an egg that remains attached to the prothallus • The fertilized egg is now a diploid zygote and grows by mitosis into a sporophyte (the typical fern plant)

  5. Fern Life Cycle

  6. Fern Morphology

  7. Fertilization • Starts out as 2n sporophyte • Creates sporangia in which meiosis occurs to make haploid cells • The sporangia are grouped together in clusters called sori (sorus, singular) on the undersides of the leaves. They look like rusty brown rosettes.

  8. Fertilization Images Spores germinating to produce haploid gametophyte

  9. Fertilization Dependency • For the typical homosporous fern the gametophyte is bisexual • A zygote eventually grows out of the haploid gametophyte into a new sporophyte • This is where water is needed the most for sperm swimming and survival of the haploid gametophyte

  10. Fertilization Dependency Image

  11. Pterophyta Habitats • There are about 12,000 species of ferns, and two thirds of them live in tropical areas. • Some are aquatic and some dwell in deserts • Ranged in time periods about 400 million to 300 million years ago, as indicated by fossil records

  12. Pterophyta Habitat Images Ferns in a Forest Whisk Ferns

  13. Benefits to Humans • Some ferns such as mosquito ferns are biologically enhanced fertilizers that are used by humans • Some male ferns are used as vermifuge, a medicine for extracting wormlike organisms from animal bodies • Some are used for decoration and floral displays, especially the Boston Ferns and the Bird’s Nest Fern • Some are eaten, like Matteuccia struthiopteris (Ostrich Ferns) and Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken) • Some possess various medicinal values (used as bandages, etc.) • Many are manufactured and traded across the world for their many uses.

  14. Pterophyta Images

  15. Bibliography • http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/CliffsReviewTopic/Phylum-Pterophyta-Ferns.topicArticleId-23791,articleId-23768.html • http://hcs.osu.edu/hcs300/svp2.htm • http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/webb/BOT311/Cyanobacteria/Azolla.jpg • http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/plants/pterophyta/psilotales/psilocoll.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/plants/pterophyta/psilotales.html&usg=__dHzic7--VBEnOe3AQI- • aXJGTr2Q=&h=302&w=448&sz=43&hl=en&start=17&um=1&tbnid=oj-3deXJwB4xnM:&tbnh=86&tbnw=127&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpterophyta%2Benvironment%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1 • http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=pterophyta%20species&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wi

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