The Road to Revolution APUSH – Period: 3A 1754-1778 R . M. Tolles

The Road to Revolution APUSH – Period: 3A 1754-1778 R. M. Tolles

13 Colonies

France Anglo-French Imperial Competition England Empire • Background • History BYE, BYE, FRANCE • Rivalry vs.

French Forts • Settled in Ohio Valley • The Iroquois Confederacy and its alliance with the French • Sought to keep British from moving west

Early Conflicts • King William’s War (1689-1697) • Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713) • King George’s War (1744-1748) • Albany Plan of Union (1754) • Proposed by Benjamin Franklin • Confederation, focused on defense • Rejected by Parliament and colonial legislatures

French and Indian War (1754-1763) • Fought over: • Control of North America • Land • Fur Trade DID YOU KNOW: In Europe, the French and Indian War is known as the Seven Year’s War ? Ohio Valley

French and Indian War (1754-1763) • Major Battles: • Ft. Duquesne • Originally founded by Virginia farmers, completed by the French • VA sent George Washington w/ troops • Loses • Many other British expeditions sent • Fort never falls to the British

French and Indian War (1754-1763) • Major Battles: • Louisburg (1758) • Prevents French supplies from reaching Canada • Quebec (1759) • Conquered by the British

Treaty of Paris (1763) • Ends French and Indian War • Gives Britain control of all territory east of the Mississippi River & Canada • Mississippi River was to be open for trade

French and Indian War Period Proclamation of 1763 “It is just and reasonable and essential to our interest and the security of our colonies that the several nations of tribes of Indians with whom we are connected, and who live under our protection should not be molested or disturbed.” King George III Set the border of the colonies as the Appalachian mountains. Pacified the Indians but out raged the settlers who felt they had help fight the French for new territory Caused a rift in royal support in the Piedmont and hill areas of the colonies – start of we vs them

“The French and Indian War got the colonists thinking. Some to be sure, were grateful to Britain for defending them against the French and, even more, against the Indians, but a growing number were coming to believe that the colonial militia and volunteers had done a better job of fighting than the British Regulars and that maybe, just maybe, the colonies had outgrown their need for a mother country.” Alan Alexrod: The Real History of the American Revolution

The End Salutary Neglect Period... Parliament, after the Glorious Revolution, started exerting more power over the King In the 1600s, the Brits passed the Navigation Acts allowing the colonies to only trade with the mother country. From the Navigation Acts until the mid 1700s, the British paid little attention to the colonies in a period known as Salutary Neglect. During that time the colonies enjoyed self- government.

Navigation Acts George III did not create the Acts, but decided to enforce them to pay for the war debt. These acts which were basic taxes, taxes that had even existed before the French and Indian War did not hurt the colonists that much. The issue with the colonists was the addition of the “Writs of Assistance” - this clause allowed for royal inspectors to search and seize with little just cause. Using the writs also led to corruption and under handed dealings by royal tax collectors.

Proclamation Line Created during the French and Indian War as a way to persuade Native American tribes to switch to the British side. The Line set the Appalachians as a boundary between colonists and the tribes. Colonists wanted to expand and became very disillusioned when the crown would not support their movement and when the crown refused to protect them from Indian raids This led to resentment and a question of why do we have troops if they are not going to protect us?

Colonial Power vs the Crown • Still Englishmen, proud of their service during the French and Indian War • Colonial Legislatures became increasingly powerful and self reliant • Many in the back country resisted the Proclamation line – even ignored it causing many Native Tribes to complain of white encroachment. • William Pitt (Prime Minister) was sympathetic to the colonists, but after continued problems – the King appointed George Grenville (PM) in 1763. • Grenville felt the colonists had been spoiled and now needed to pay their way.

Sugar Act (1764) • In 1764, the Sugar Act was passed to offset the war debt and to stop the illegal trade between the French and Spanish West Indies. • This act increased the duties on imported sugar, textiles, coffee, wines, and indigo dye. • It doubled the duties on foreign goods and also forbade the import of foreign rum and French wines

1. How did Britain's practice of salutary neglect before 1763 encourage the colonies to move toward revolution? A. The colonists needed protection from other European countries B. This practice supported the development of self-government and domestic production in the colonies. C. The colonists had become wealthy while under British rule. D. This practice did not acknowledge the Articles of Confederation as the ruling document of the colonies. 2. What role did colonists have in self-government? A. Appointed a governor B. Elected representatives C. Ran their colony D. Accepted a charter Writers Locke and Montesquieu inspired the colonists with the ideas of Republic and direct democracy Traditions and values Natural rights and separation of powers Free speech and free press 4. Both the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights Limited free speech Made the monarchy stronger Listed basic freedoms Set up a new government The class will need to get 3 out 4 for a point.

A Return to Mercantilism • King George III and Prime Minister Grenville wanted to get the colonies back under control and return to mercantilism • Colonists resisted and had come accustom to their own ways • To assist in raising money and getting the colonies on a British only track, Parliament passed a series of Act designed to push the colonies back into mercantilism

The Currency Act of 1764 • This act required the colonial assemblies to stop issuing paper money (a widely spread practice during the French and Indian War) • It also required all the old circulation be scheduled for retirement (making savings useless) • Colonists felt this was nothing more than a way to check their economic gains

Crown expresses its Authority • Grenville instituted Vice Admiralty Courts to look into trade, taxation, and the military regulation of the Stamp Act • Grenville stationed troops and used the British Royal Navy to enforce the Stamp Act. • Under the Mutiny Act of 1765 colonists were required to assist in provisioning and maintaining the military

The Stamp Act (1765) • Passed to gain revenue, it proved highly effective in gaining taxes for the crown • Printed items required to have a stamp saying tax had been paid • Items taxed: • Newspapers • Pamphlets • Licenses • Legal Documents • Playing Cards

Colonial Reaction to Stamp Act • Grenville could not have devised a better method for antagonizing the unifying the colonies than the Stamp act of 1765. • Economically – not much on the Individual, but it was obvious that it was meant to raise money from the colonies • Most colonists felt resentment but at this time where still loyal

Backcountry Backlash • Back country farmers often felt isolated and ignored when they had problems. • By 1765, taxes had doubled for these farmers, often leading to problems • “Paxton Boys” were a group of Penn. Farmers who descended on Philadelphia demanding relief from colonial taxes and money to defend themselves from Natives • Regulator Movement – In North Carolina, back country farmers led a revolt against the NC colonial government when their grievances were ignored. Governor William Tryon raised a militia and put the “civil war” to an end.

Virginia Resolves • Virginia’s House of Burgess – challenged the tax as a way to make money for the crown and rich Tories, it was unfair when they had no voice in England • Patrick Henry – introduced a set of resolutions declaring that Virginia colonists should only be taxed by the Virginia assembly. • Although the House voted most resolutions down, they were published and circulated throughout the colonies.

“Taxation without Representation” Otis James, a well-respected Boston lawyer in 1761 made a speech against something called the writs of assistance, commands compelling colonial officials to cooperate with royal officers in curbing customs and duties violations. In the speech he declared “taxation without representation is tyranny”. John Adams heard the speech and help to spread the expression though out the colonies. With the passage of more and more acts, colonists felt that they were being called upon to behave as loyal British subjects even as they were being denied their rights.

Organized Reaction to the Stamp Act... A Stamp Act Congress met to oppose the new act and petitioned the King. When ignored the Colonists boycotted British goods The British Government ignored the declaration and proceeded to pass the Quartering Act.

Sons of Liberty • Formed by Samuel Adams • Original purpose: to protest the Stamp Act • Protested against taxes

The Sons of Liberty • During the summer of 1765 in Boston, crowds started protesting the act and in many cases the protests turned violent. • The Sons of Liberty formed from groups of men who protested. They harassed and targeted royal tax collectors using violent means (beatings, burning effigies, tar and feathering, kidnapping, etc…) to show their displeasure of fellow colonists working on behalf of the King • They even went so far as to attack the Lt. Governor of Mass. – Thomas Hutchinson, who was considered sympathetic to the colonists but still a loyalist.

Salutary Neglect: British policy – ~1607-1763 British did not enforce laws placed on the colonies “Taxation Without Representation” • Colonies had no direct representation in Parliament What made the colonists mad? DID YOU KNOW: Some in the District of Columbia use this as their slogan. Why do you think that is the case?

“Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph.” Thomas Paine, “The Crisis, No. 1, 1776” From: Alan Axelrod, The Real History of the American Revolution

Why? Colonial petitions and protests Franklin presented colonial protests before House of Commons "There is not gold and silver enough in the colonies to pay the stamp duty for one year.” –Benjamin Franklin "Such another Experiment as the Stamp-Act would produce a general Revolt in America." - George Mason, 1766. Stamp Act Repealed in 1766 "Q. What used to be the pride of Americans? A. To indulge in the fashions and manufactures of Great-Britain. Q. What now is their pride? A. To wear their old oaths over again, till they can make new ones."

1. The plantation economy in the South produced A. great profits and developed great educational institutions B. great profits at the expense of cultural C. low profits despite the enslavement of a great number of people D. equal opportunity for all whites and no illiteracy 2. Colonists did not complain that Parliament A. did not grasp their needs B. had no colonists as members C. represented all English citizens D. members were not elected by them The colonists talked about tyranny because royal governors tried to A. ignore colonists’ rights B. take over the king’s authority C. strengthen colonial legislatures D. none of the above The colonists and the English government disagreed about A. trade B. taxation C. representation D. all of the above The class will need to get 3 out 4 for a point.

1. The plantation economy in the South produced A. great profits and developed great educational institutions B. great profits at the expense of cultural C. low profits despite the enslavement of a great number of people D. equal opportunity for all whites and no illiteracy Colonists did not complain that Parliament A. did not grasp their needs B. had no colonists as members C. represented all English citizens D. members were not elected by them The colonists talked about tyranny because royal governors tried to A. ignore colonists’ rights B. take over the king’s authority C. strengthen colonial legislatures D. none of the above The colonists and the English government disagreed about A. trade B. taxation C. representation D. all of the above The class will need to get 3 out 4 for a point.

Grenville out, Rockingham in • The Marquis of Rockingham succeeded Grenville and convinced the King to repeal the Stamp Act. • The colonial boycotts and pressure from English merchants persuaded the Marquis. • To sway opponents at home that he was being to easy on the colonists, he helped Parliament pass the Declatory Acts – asserting Parliaments authority over the colonies in all matters.

King bows to pressure, but not from the Colonists • Hardliners in England felt Rockingham was to weak. Bowing to pressure the King finally replaced him with William Pitt (former colonial governor and thought of as sympathetic by colonists) now called Lord Chatham. • Pitt was once sympathetic toward the cause against the Stamp Act, but now was so feeble to age and illness (gout) that the actual power fell to Charles Townshend (the Chancellor of the Exchequer), basically second in command

Townshend Acts (1767) • Townshend now had to deal with disgruntled colonists, most notably now angered by the Munity Act passed back in 1765 but also called the Quartering Act of 1775. • Colonial assemblies refused to provide supplies and money for the British Troops • To put the colonists in their place, primarily New York and Mass. Townshend disbanded the two colonial assemblies and put in place a series of taxes called the Townshend Acts. • Taxed items: Imported glass, Lead, Paint, Paper, and Tea

Trouble Coming Fast… • Colonists turned to boycotting to pressure Townshend into lifting the acts • Soon afterword, Townshend died (natural), and the position went to Lord North – who ended most of the Townshend duties. • Ship, Liberty, seized in 1768 for having illegal goods • Owned by John Hancock • Ship, Gaspee, (called the Gaspee affair) ran aground – burned by protesters. British officials round up people sent them to England for trial. Later used as the bias for trial by a jury in our Constitution

Boston Massacre • Violence in Boston in protest to the taxes & to the seizure of ships • British troops occupy city in response • March 5th, 1770 • Argument between soldiers guarding custom house and crowd • Result: 5 killed • Includes Crispus Attucks • Used as propaganda to increase hatred of British soldiers

Engraving showing the Boston Massacre by Paul Revere (1770)

Tea Act (1773) • New act, lowered price of tea but required colonists to buy it from the East India Company • Why do you think colonists preferred to buy more expensive tea on the black market?

Boston Tea Party (1773) • 3 Ships were anchored in Boston Harbor • Ordered by governor to unload cargo of tea • Threatened by colonists – told not to unload • December 16th – at night, patriots dressed as Native Americans boarded the ships & threw 90,000 lbs. of tea overboard DID YOU KNOW: Formed following widespread government intervention in failing banks and other businesses, the modern “Tea Party” movement takes it name from this famous event. What do you think the modern “Tea Party” is against?

British Response to Boston Tea Party The "Intolerable Acts"

The Intolerable Acts (1765-1774) • Quartering Act (1765) • Colonies must supply and house British troops • Boston Port Bill (1774) • Closes Boston Harbor until tea is paid for • Administration of Justice Act (1774) • British officials could not be charged w/ a crime • Massachusetts Government Act (1774) • Massachusetts charter is revoked • Quebec Act (1774) • Canada given more territory, taken away from VA, CT & MA

Party anyone? I'll bring the feathers... • The British followed up the Stamp Act with the Quartering Act, which required colonists to provide housing for British Soldiers. • This of course angered Colonists who felt they were being violated. In response a large group of angry colonists dumped British Tea into Boston Harbor in 1773. This became known as the Boston Tea Party as news of this costly “party” spread.

Response... The British responded by passing the Intolerable Acts further punishing the colonies. These Acts moved the colonists closer to rebellion. Thomas Paine argued for independence in Common Sense

Broadsides, like the one above, were often used to spread information. Committees of Correspondence • Formed to allow the colonies to communicate with each other • Spread revolutionary actions • Often quicker than other methods of communication • Writings would be read aloud or published in other colonies

The Road to Revolution APUSH – Period: 3A 1754-1778 R . M. Tolles