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INTELLIGENCE & TESTING

INTELLIGENCE & TESTING. TEST CONSTRUCTION:. PSYCHOMETRICIANS: develop tests -try to make constructs measurable and quantifiable -purpose is to differentiate between test- takers 3 Qualities of Tests: 1. Standardized 2. Reliable 3. Valid. STANDARDIZATION:.

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INTELLIGENCE & TESTING

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  1. INTELLIGENCE & TESTING

  2. TEST CONSTRUCTION: PSYCHOMETRICIANS: develop tests -try to make constructs measurable and quantifiable -purpose is to differentiate between test- takers 3 Qualities of Tests: 1. Standardized 2. Reliable 3. Valid

  3. STANDARDIZATION: -administered the same every time, to every person -so can compare scores among test-takers -NORMS: established scores -usually graded on normal curve-compares you to others performance -STANDARDIZATION SAMPLE: representative sample of test takers who establish norms

  4. RELIABILITY: -consistent scores Ways to measure: -Test-retest reliability: take the same test, high positive correlation between scores -Split-half reliability: score on half is correlated with score on other half -Equivalent-form reliability: score on 2 different versions of a test have high correlation

  5. VALIDITY: -accuracy, measures what it is supposed to Ways to measure: -Content validity: measures all of the skills/knowledge it’s supposed to -Criterion-related validity: test correlates with other ways to measure what’s being tested -Predictive validity: how well it measures a future result -Construct validity: how well it measures the construct for which it is designed

  6. THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE: -is a construct, so hard to define -can only be defined by the behaviors that indicate intelligence, usually what enables success in that culture -is intelligence one underlying capacity or is it different abilities? http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Men_in_Paris_park_playing_chess.jpg/640px-Men_in_Paris_park_playing_chess.jpg

  7. CHARLES SPEARMAN: -one important factor underlies all intelligence g : general intelligence -used factor analysis: statistical technique that finds correlations between different items to narrow down items -high degree of correlation between all mental tasks= one factor

  8. LOUIS THURSTONE: -disagreed -used factor analysis with college students -7 primary mental abilities: • Inductive reasoning • Word fluency • Perceptual ability • Verbal comprehension • Spatial visualization • Numerical ability • Associative memory

  9. RAYMOND CATTELL: 2 factors of intelligence: 1. Crystallized intelligence: learned knowledge over time (vocabulary, facts) that increases with age 2. Fluid intelligence: ability to solve problems and pick up skills (puzzles) that tends to decrease with age

  10. HOWARD GARDNER-Multiple Intelligences: 8 specific intelligences -represent different independent abilities -broadens traditional definition of intelligence -savants: with exceptional skills show intelligence is not single factor http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Multipleints.jpg

  11. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE (EQ): -highest IQ not always=success -interpersonal skills: ability to get along and be thoughtful of others -intrapersonal skills: understand self and have self-control, and delay of gratification

  12. ROBERT STERNBERG-Triarchic Theory: 3 types of intelligences Analytical intelligence: traditional abilities Practical intelligence: “street smarts” Creative intelligence: think in new ways

  13. MEASURING INTELLIGENCE: -must try to make intelligence concrete -way to assess mental aptitudes and compare them with others numerically http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-11344%2C_Intelligenzpr%C3%BCfung_schulentlassener_M%C3%A4dchen.jpg

  14. ALFRED BINET: -created 1st intelligence test -compulsory public education in France at turn of the 20th century -needed to identify students who would need special attention -created test to measure Mental age: abilities should have for chronological age http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_Binet.jpg

  15. STANFORD-BINET IQ TEST: Louis Terman: professor at Stanford revised Binet’s test IQ=intelligence quotient • IQ= mental agex100 chronological age

  16. WECHSLER INTELLIGENCE SCALES: -most commonly used IQ tests today -measured on deviation IQ -compared to others taking the test -100=average IQ -68%=85-115 -95%=70-130 -99%=55-145 FLYNN EFFECT: Increasing IQ, means must restandardize http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_deviation_diagram.svg

  17. NATURE v. NURTURE: -both are important in intelligence Nature: -MZ twins, even separated at birth, have very similar IQs -heritability: extent to which trait is inherited is 50-75% Nurture: Flynn Effect: increasing IQs over 3 generations -school, better nutrition, technology, other environmental factors

  18. BIAS IN TESTING: -racial groups score differently on tests -bias because of differing environmental factors Stereotype threat: anxiety that is created when one is worried that they will confirm a negative stereotype about one’s group

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