Department of Computer Science Aalborg University, Denmark

1. Controlling Action Research Projects Nadeem Iftikhar, Joseph Okika, Lise Tordrup Hermansen, Liu Xiufeng Department of Computer Science Aalborg University, Denmark

2. Canonical Action Research Joseph Okika

3. Issues I • Shortcomings of AR: • Lack of methodological rigor • Lack of distinction from consulting • Tendency to produce either “research with little action or action with little research” • Issues of rigor and relevance to research domain and researchers • Irrelevance of I.S research due to: • Arcane explanations • Advanced statistical analysis • Extensive mathematical notation • Excessive references to other published work • Shortage of practical advice • Insufficient number of methodological guidance for CAR

4. Ideas • Canonical Action research (CAR) • Practical guidance for researchers/reviewers • Iterative, rigorous, collaborative • Five principles and 31 associated criteria for canonical action research

5. Principles of CAR • The Researcher-Client Agreement (RCA) • The Cyclical Process Model (CPM) • Theory • Change through Action • Learning through Action

6. The Researcher-Client Agreement (RCA) • Mutual guarantees for behaviour • Building trust/spirit of shared enquiry • Criteria for the RCA • Did the client make an explicit commitment to the project? • etc

7. The Cyclical Process Model (CPM) • Criteria for the CPM • Did the project follow the CPM or justify any deviation from it? • Did the researcher reflect on the outcomes of the intervention? • etc.

8. The Principle of Theory • AR without theory is “not research” • In situation S that has salient features F, G, and H, the outcomes X, Y, and Z are expected actions A, B, and C. • Criteria for the Principle of Theory • Were the project activities guided by a theory or a set of theories? • Was a theoretically based model used to derive the causes of the observed problem? • etc

9. The Principle of Change through Action • Take actions to change the current situation and its unsatisfactory conditions • Criteria for the Principle of Change through Action • Were both the researcher and client motivated to improve the situation? • Did the client approve the planned actions before they were implemented? • etc

10. The Principle of Learning through Reflection • Practical progress and the advancement of knowledge • Criteria for the Principle of Learning through Reflection • Did the researcher provide progress report to the client? • Were the results considered in terms of implications for the research community? • etc

11. Controlling AR Projects: issues of initiation and authority Lise Hermansen

12. Controlling AR ProjectsAvison, Baskerville and Myers • Overcoming the double challenge • No consensus on ideal control structures • Three key aspects: • Initiation of the AR project • Determination of authority for action in the AR project • Degree of formalisation of the project

13. The initiation of AR Projects • Goal: mutual interest in solving a problem • Research-driven or problem-driven • Client initiation - a host organization with a problem seeks help from researcher • Researcher initiation – researcher searches for a host organization as a site for an AR project • Collaborative initiation – the AR evolves from the interaction between researchers and client.

14. The initiation of AR Projects • Three failure forms: • Iceberg subjects – practitioners do not understand the real opportunities for improvement • Irrelevant subjects – no prospects for generating knowledge in the particular problem setting • No client – no problem setting can be found that matches the theoretical frames

15. Authority for AR Projects • Issue: who is in charge of the project? • Mechanisms by which authority is defined are: • Determination of action warrants • Power over the structure of the project • Processes for renegotiation and/or cancellation

16. Authority for AR Projects • Three different authority patterns: • Client domination – the research team itself do not hold an action warrant (common in AR practice) • Staged domination – involves a migration of power domination among the AR stakeholders • Identity domination – the researchers and the practicing organization were the same person(s)

17. Formalization in AR Projects • Involves the ability to renegotiate AR structures • AR control structures can be classified as: • Formal – well-defined in written agreements at the projects outset • Informal – will begin and complete with, at most, only broad and general written agreements • Evolved – require changes in the control structures as the research scope develops progressively, but not necessarily from informal to formal structures.

18. Recommendations • AR management – control is required • Collaboratively determined • Researchers and practitioners should actively collaboratively determine these control structures in the early stages of the project • Need explicit understanding of the current and past control structures • Or else the researcher or the practitioner can unknowingly lose control and thereby mismanage the project

19. Strengths of AR in Practice Nadeem Iftikhar

20. Strengths for Practical AR • Action research (AR), which emphasizes collaboration between researchers andpractitioners, is a qualitative research method that has much potential for the informationsystems (IS) field. • The action researcher is concerned to create organizational change and simultaneously to study the process.

21. Strengths for Practical AR • Action research aims to contribute both to the practical concerns of people in an immediate problematic situation and to the goals of social science by joint collaboration within a mutually acceptable ethical framework. • mutually acceptable ethical framework is a key to AR. • AR is concerned to enlarge the stock of knowledge of the social science community. • It is this aspect of AR that distinguishes it from applied social science, where the goal is simply to apply social scientific knowledge but not to add to the body of knowledge.

22. Strengths for Practical AR • AR provides control structures to manage the research projects: • Initiation • Initiation refers to the genesis of the AR project. • Did the problem discover the research or vice versa? • Authority • Authority refers to the issue of ``who is really in charge of the research project’’.

23. Strengths for Practical AR • Formalization • Formal control structures are typically defined in written agreements, such as a contract or letter of agreement. • These agreements may describe the immediate problem situation and the scope of the research.

24. Weaknesses of AR in Practice Liu Xiufeng

25. Weaknesses of AR in practice • ”Double challenge” of action and research -- Potentially leads to control difficulties in AR Projects. -- It is difficult to draft general laws on how to carry each project. • Controlling AR projects -- There is no consensus on the ideal control structrues for AR projects.

26. Weaknesses of AR in practice • The initiation of AR projects -- Either of problem-driven and research-driven can lead to success or failure depending on whether the initiation goal is achieved. • The determination of authority for AR projects -- It is a complex procedure. -- Determinate action warrants, power over the structure of the projec, and processes for renegotiation and/or cancellation.

27. Weaknesses of AR in practice • Synergy between researchers and practitioners -- Threre might be compromised by realities • The use of formal arrangements -- It is not easy to define the clarity and prediction of agreements and contracts. -- A general approach defined by researches is likely to change to the requirements of particular situation.

28. Weaknesses of AR in practice • Problem situation rather than problem solution --It might conflict with practionaers who wish solve immediate problems in short time. • Difficulties of generalisation and validation -- Difficult to write with authority on AR --Impossible to suggest general laws for the conduct of AR projects.

29. Questions • How useful is AR? • Has AR any useful impact on “real” IS projects? • Is CAR the best among all the other forms of AR? • What are the advantages and disadvantages of respectively: client-, researcher- and collaborative initiation? • What are the advantages and disadvantages of respectively: client-, staged- and identity domination?