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Early Civilizations Unit 1. (3500 B.C. – 1600 B.C.). Neolithic Revolution. Hunter-Gatherer societies dominate most of pre-history. Change from nomadic life to farming. Domesticated animals. Building Blocks of Civilization. Water Language Writing Technology.
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Early CivilizationsUnit 1 (3500 B.C. – 1600 B.C.)
Neolithic Revolution • Hunter-Gatherer societies dominate most of pre-history. • Change from nomadic life to farming. • Domesticated animals.
Building Blocks of Civilization • Water • Language • Writing • Technology
Characteristics of Civilizations • Organized governments • Religion • Jobs • Social Classes • Art and Architecture • Public Works • Writing
Characteristics of Civilizations • Way of keeping records. • Groups of people based on power, money, or fighting ability. • Roads, sewers, libraries, etc. • Belief system • Designed to provide order. • Buildings and cultural designs. • Specialized artisans
First Civilizations • Mesopotamia (Iraq) • Nile River Valley (Egypt) • Indus River Valley (India) • Huang He/Yellow River (China)
Mesopotamia: Fertile Crescent • Tigris River • Euphrates River • What new technology allowed these rivers to become the first area in the world where civilizations could grow? • Irrigation
Mesopotamia: Writing • The writing style used by the people inhabiting the area of Mesopotamia was called Cuneiform. • Cuneiform is the oldest known form of writing and consists of wedge markings forming a pictogram.
Mesopotamia: City States and Empires • City States of Sumer • Kingdom of Akkad • Babylonian Empire
City States: Sumer • In between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers settled a people known as Sumerians. (3500 – 2300 B.C.) • The Sumerians formed City-States • City States consist of a central city and the land around it. The city was there for trade and government purposes while the land was irrigated for food production.
The Sumerians came up with many of the basic inventions and technological advancements that we still put into use today. Inventions include: Wagon wheel Arch Potter’s wheel Sundial 12 month calendar Number system Developed bronze tools Sumerian City States: Technology
Kingdom of Akkad • Sumerians were conquered by their northern neighbors called Akkadians. (2300 B.C.) • The Akkadians were led by Sargon I
Babylonian Empire • Around 1800 B.C. arose another great empire with it’s capital located in the city of Babylon. Thus the name Babylonian Empire. • This first Babylonian empire is most known for one of its leaders named Hammurabi. Hammurabi is the first known ruler to create a law code and have it written down.
Egypt • Nile River Valley • Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms • Pyramids and Mummies • Hieroglyphics
Egypt: Old, Middle, New Kingdoms • Old Kingdom (2700 B.C. – 2200 B.C.) • Narmer of Upper Egypt conquers Lower Egypt uniting those who lived in the Nile River Valley with those who lived on the Nile Delta. • Narmer created the first Egyptian dynasty and established a Theocracy to rule over his kingdom. • Capital located in Memphis
Egypt: Old, Middle, New Kingdoms • Middle Kindom (2050 B.C. – 1700 B.C.) • After 150 years of civil war and civil strife a new dynasty takes the throne. • New capital in the city of Thebes. • Ended by the Invasion of foreigners called Hyksos.
Egypt: Old, Middle, New Kingdoms • New Kingdom (1600 B.C. – 945 B.C.) • Egyptians overcome and displaced their Hyksos rulers in 1600 B.C. and established a new dynasty. • Egyptian rulers called themselves Pharaohs
Egypt: New Kingdom • Akhenaton causes religious turmoil by switching from Polytheistic beliefs to Monotheistic beliefs. • Polytheism • Monotheism
Egypt: New Kingdom • Ramses II (The Great) attempts to expand the empire but is thwarted by the Hittites. • The Hittites were a people from Asia Minor (Turkey) who had conquered an empire for themselves. • The Egyptians and Hittites fought over the area of Syria, neither became victors.
Egypt: Hieroglyphs • Writing system used by the Egyptians that involved using symbols to communicate a message. • Glyphs could represent objects, ideas, and sounds.
Egypt: Hieroglyphs • With the discovery of the Rosetta stone archeologists could finally interpret Egyptian hieroglyphs.
Harappa Civilization • The Harappan Civilization was based along the Indus river valley of present day India and Pakistan. • The Harappan economy was based on Monsoons. • They developed a writing system of pictograms similar to both Sumerian Cuneiform and Egyptian Hieroglyphs.
Harappa Civilization • The Harappan dominance of the Indus river valley lasted from 2500 B.C. to 1500 B.C. They are thought to have perished at the hands of invaders called Aryans.
Harappa Civilization • The idea of social classes based on birth was introduced by the Aryans. • The system is known as the Caste System and is still in effect today. There are five different castes.
China: Early Dynasties • Xia Dynasty (2200 – 1760 B.C.) • Collection of many early tribes who banded together for protection and trade stability. • Based along the Yellow River. • Shang Dynasty • First Dynasty where the central government had absolute control. • Mandate of Heaven. Idea that whoever is in power was put there by heaven.
