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Individual Drug Info

Individual Drug Info. Winter 2014. Similar Properties Across Drugs. Withdrawal (physical dependence) Psychological dependence Tolerance. Differences. Forms Availability DEA Schedule Effects Acute Chronic Overdose

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Individual Drug Info

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  1. Individual Drug Info Winter 2014

  2. Similar Properties Across Drugs • Withdrawal (physical dependence) • Psychological dependence • Tolerance

  3. Differences • Forms • Availability • DEA Schedule • Effects • Acute • Chronic • Overdose • Photo, originally taken by Thoric, available to use in the public domain

  4. Methamphetamine

  5. Methamphetamine • Famous/notorious for laboratory production, short-term dopamine effects & long-term effects • Stimulant (blood pressure, heart rate, alertness) • DEA: Schedule II substance (Desoxyn: ADD, narcolepsy, weight control)

  6. Methamphetamine acute effects • Intense high/euphoria • May last up to 12 hours (longer than cocaine) • Meth Inside and Out video describing effects • Energetic, talkative, excitable • Insomnia • Increased heart rate, blood pressure • Sweating • Dry mouth • Jaw clenching • Nausea, vomiting • Comparison: meth vs cocaine,Brookhaven National Laboratory, 2008 Overdose • DAWN: “stimulants including amphetamines and methamphetamine” led to 93,562 emergency department visits in 2009

  7. Methamphetamine chronic effects • Chronic users may experience hallucinations, rage, paranoia, heart “meth mouth;”damage to dopamine-, serotonin-containing nerve cells • Crank Bugs (Meth Project) • Meth Mouth (Meth Project) • Ashley’s Story (Meth Project) • Research supports both brain damage as well as lack of brain damage

  8. Methamphetamine Chronic Effects Before & After Photos

  9. Before and After Photos 3 Years and 5 months after starting meth Meth Awareness Prevention Project: http://www.mappsd.org/Faces%20of%20Meth.htm

  10. Before and After 17 months after starting meth Meth Awareness Prevention Project: http://www.mappsd.org/Faces%20of%20Meth.htm

  11. Before and After 3 months later Meth Awareness Prevention Project: http://www.mappsd.org/Faces%20of%20Meth.htm

  12. LSD

  13. LSD • Albert Hoffman: “Last Friday, April 16,1943, I was forced to interrupt my work in the laboratory in the middle of the afternoon and proceed home, being affected by a remarkable restlessness, combined with a slight dizziness. At home I lay down and sank into a not unpleasant intoxicated-like condition, characterized by an extremely stimulated imagination. In a dreamlike state, with eyes closed (I found the daylight to be unpleasantly glaring), I perceived an uninterrupted stream of fantastic pictures, extraordinary shapes with intense, kaleidoscopic play of colors. After some two hours this condition faded away.”

  14. LSD • Schedule I hallucinogen synthesized in 1930s • Manufacturing secretive: Nick Sand (National Geographic, 3:39) • LSD acute effects • Visual hallucinations (images, color, light) • Altered perception of senses • “Seeing sounds, hearing colors” • Color, size of objects • Altered perception of time, depth • Potential anxiety/panic • Experiences can vary widely • Serotonin receptors may be excited or inhibited • LSD experimentation on British soldiers (YouTube.com) Overdose • Thought to be rare, but some individuals may not respond well, or may experience problems if drug is different than LSD • DAWN: 4,028 emergency department visits in 2009

  15. LSD • Chronic effects may involve flashbacks • Sudden onset of abnormal perceptions • Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder • Visual images remain longer than in consciousness • Dr. Henry Abraham (Tufts University) blog

  16. 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine MDMA

  17. MDMA • Molly, Ecstasy, Thizz • Synthetic drug • Stimulant and hallucinogenic properties

  18. MDMA Acute effects: • Euphoria • Feelings of empathy/warmth toward others • Jaw clenching • Increased heart rate, blood pressure, perceived energy • Common “rave” or similar environment can lead to excessive physical activity, dehydration, increased body temperature • Blurred vision/involuntary eye movement • Effects will vary since formula is not standardized or regulated • Effects will vary based on the synthetic nature of substance • MDMA-assisted therapy (Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies, video; 0-2:00; 14 subjects, per website) Overdose • DAWN: 17,865 emergency department visits in 2008

  19. MDMA • Chronic effects • Depression • Anxiety • Sleep issues • Effects controversial, per Carl Hart, Columbia University (YouTube) • Well-circulated animal studies showing neuron damage

  20. Synthetics are currently popular • 2C-I, MDMA, bath salts, synthetic cannabis • Lower price (think about economy’s influence) • Drug popularity changes with time (synthetics were popular in 1970s) • Health-related issues will subsequently ebb and flow as drugs move in and out of favor • That acknowledged, some can be devastating: Krokodil (CBS, 2013)

  21. cannabis

  22. Cannabis • Cannabis sativa • Different subspecies/varietals used for clothing vs drug use • Active ingredient: THC • DEA: Schedule I • Despite state regulations, marijuana still federally illegal

  23. Medical cannabis (12/13/13, source: procon.org)

  24. Cannabis Acute effects • THC acts on cannabinoid receptors, increases dopamine, serotonin • Increases appetite • Euphoria, may be followed by sedation/relaxation • Dizziness, lack of coordination • Eyes glazed, red • Short-term memory issues • ASAP Science: Your Brain on Marijuana (via YouTube) Overdose • Doesn’t generally doesn’t occur • Large amount required • Smoking a lot may induce sleepiness • Eating too much may trigger nausea, vomiting • Q13 News story, Michigan • Mixing any chemical substances can potentially cause a problem • DAWN: Over 400,000 emergency department visits, 2011

  25. Cannabis Chronic effects • Respiratory distress • Mood swings • Impaired memory (potential hippocampus damage) • Loss of motivation, sex drive • 2011 NIMH/NIDA study • Daily use may reduce brain receptor number • Receptors regenerated with cessation • Society of Nuclear Medicine. "Chronic marijuana smoking affects brain chemistry, molecular imaging shows." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 13 June 2011. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110606131705.htm>.

  26. Heroin

  27. Heroin • Narcotic • Synthesized from morphine in late 1800’s • Morphine synthesized from opium poppy • Heroin 10x more powerful than morphine • Was thought to be less addictive • After many people became addicted, heroin was outlawed in 1920’s • Drug Ads (wings.buffalo.edu) • Schedule I

  28. Heroin Availability • DEA reports most heroin in US comes from Mexico • At left, estimates of heroin production in Mexico, metric tons (USDOJ)

  29. Heroin Acute effects • Euphoria • Slow, shallow respiration • Analgesia • Skin flushing/redness • Stupor • Dry mouth • Nausea/vomiting Overdose • Frequently occurs when mixing with other substances • DAWN: 258,482 emergency department visits, 2011

  30. Heroin: Chronic Effects • Respiratory problems • Collapsed veins from injection • High rate of injection use leads to increased disease transmission risk

  31. Mushrooms

  32. Mushrooms • Psilocybin/psilocin are two active psyhoacticve substances found in “magic mushrooms” Couple dozen species • Taken orally • Recognized for centuries Probably used in religious rites • Hallucinogen • Schedule I

  33. Mushrooms • Acute effects: • Relaxation • Altered perception of reality • Altered perception of time • Sense of connection to others/universe • Visual hallucinations (images, color, light) • Potential for anxiety and subsequent panic, heart rate & blood pressure increase • Chronic effects: • A “bad trip” may trigger fear • Hallucinogens may exacerbate mental illness • Being investigated as treatment for OCD, depression, smoking cessation • Johns Hopkins Psilocybin Cancer Project (via YouTube, 0:30-4:03)

  34. 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 2C-I

  35. 2C-I • 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine • “Smiles” • Synthetic substance • Usually inhaled or taken orally; may also be taken via blotter paper • Stimulant & hallucinogenic properties • Schedule I

  36. 2C-I • Impacts dopamine & serotonin • Onset of effects may not be immediate, triggering overdose • Little information on brain impact • Additives, chemical changes make drug unpredictable, similar to bath salts

  37. 2C-I Short-term effects: • Stimulant effects on heart rate, blood pressure • Potential gastrointestinal effects (nausea, indigestion) • At higher doses, hallucinogenic effects • Very little known about chronic effects

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