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Augsburg 1530 to Augsburg 1555. Politics and Reform. Important People: Popes. Popes: Leo X ( 1513-1521 ) Adrian VI (Jan 1522-Sep 1523) Clement VII (1523-1534) Paul III (1534-1549) Julius III (1550-1555). Clement VII. Important People:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1519-1556).
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Augsburg 1530 to Augsburg 1555 Politics and Reform
Important People: Popes Popes: • Leo X (1513-1521) • Adrian VI (Jan 1522-Sep 1523) • Clement VII (1523-1534) • Paul III (1534-1549) • Julius III (1550-1555) • Clement VII
Important People:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1519-1556) • What were the difficulties that made it impossible for Charles to stamp out the Reformation? • War with France: “Italian Wars” • Capture of Francis I 1525 • Relationship with papacy • 1527 Sack of Rome • Pope’s refusal to call a council • War with Turks • Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566) • 1529, 1532 sieges of Vienna • Lack of support from princes of the Empire • Even Catholic princes refused support (textbook 224-225)
Diets and Recesses • Diet of Worms 1519 • Luther placed under imperial ban • Refusal to recant • Demand for national council • Diet of Speyer, 1526 • Francis I and pope form alliance • Turks invade Hungary • Charles opposes assembly • Inconclusive result gave breathing space to Reformation • Temporary suspension of Edict of Worms • Sources 8.2-8.4 • Diet of Speyer, 1529 • Reinstatement of Edict of Worms • “Protestatio” (What were the Protestants protesting in 1529?) • Sources 8.5-8.7 • Archduke Ferdinandof Austria
Diet of Augsburg • Was Charles V working in good faith to achieve a reconciliation at the Diet of Augsburg? How do you view his actions? • Source 8.8: Cardinal Campeggio’s Instructions • Source 8.10: Eck’s “404 Articles” • Source 8.13 Cardinal Campeggo’s Response • To what extent is there agreement, and to what extent difference of opinion, between the Augsburg Confession and the Confutatio? • Sources 8.12, 8.14
War and (Provisional) Peace • Schmalkaldic League 1531 • Electoral Saxony: John the Constant (1525-1532), John Frederick I (1532-1547) • Hesse: Philip of Hesse (1519-1567) • Ulrich of Wurttemberg • “Judas of Meissen” • Trace the developments in Luther's stance regarding the use of force to defend one's faith. (Sources 8.16-8.19) • Schmalkaldic War 1546 • Emperor’s defeat of league at Battle of Muhlberg 1547 • Augsburg Interim • Some toleration of married clergy, communion • Widely unpopular (Source 8.20) • Peace of Augsburg 1555 • Source 8.21
Charles’ End • Why did the Emperor resign? What is your view of him as a ruler and as a person of conscience at the end of his life? • Source 8.22 • Evaluate the Peace of Augsburg as a solution. What does it resolve? What does it leave unresolved?