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Chapter 4 – 1959 to 1969

Chapter 4 – 1959 to 1969. From Mainframe to Minicomputer. Russian Sputnik Satellite 1957. State of Computing – 1960’s. Great Demand for Computing IRS: Mainframe + Punch Cards JFK: 1961 Moon Challenge Great economic growth & prosperity New computers – the MINI. IBM . 1960

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Chapter 4 – 1959 to 1969

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  1. Chapter 4 – 1959 to 1969 From Mainframe to Minicomputer Russian Sputnik Satellite 1957

  2. State of Computing – 1960’s • Great Demand for Computing • IRS: Mainframe + Punch Cards • JFK: 1961 Moon Challenge • Great economic growth & prosperity • New computers – the MINI

  3. IBM • 1960 • 70% Market Share • Research Labs (US, Europe) • Could control market, releases • Philco – transistor production • Others need to find area unserved by IBM

  4. Government Influence • Dept. of Defense - needed computer technology • Researchers  to role of defining work. • Demand for computing was heavy • Govt. had funding • See how this influenced the development

  5. Massachusetts Blue Cross • 1960 - IBM 7070; 1401 for I/O • 6 months- transferred 2,500,000 records from cards to tape (150 file cabinets) • AUTOCODER (not FOTTRAN or COBOL) • 1965 Medicare established • Won job of administering for Mass. • Fall 1966 - fully computerized - 1st state • Had to also rent another 7070 • 1969 - 3 IBM System /360’s + • COBOL, 24-7

  6. NASA- Ames Research Center • Mountain View, California, 1940 • Soviet Sputnik 1957 & JFK Moon Challenge • Became part of NASA in 1958 • Honeywell H-800 for wind tunnel- real time + others for dedicated purposes • DEC, Scientific Data Systems, EAI, IBM • Demands on central computer grew 100% per year in 1960’s

  7. NASA-Ames Research Center (cont.) • Direct Couple System - 1963 • 7094, 7040 (I/O), 7740 (Remote Terminals) • Replaced in 1968 with system 360 model 50 • 1969- System/360 model 67 • For time-sharing, not a success • 1971 –connection to new ARPANet

  8. NASA-Ames Research Center (cont.) • Timesharing not a success • Design problems • Incompatible work patterns • No longer “real time” for wind tunnel • Table 4.1 p. 118 – computers at Ames

  9. IRS- Internal Revenue Service • During WWII • Taxpayers from 8 to 60 million • Withholding • Punch Card – 1948 • IBM 650 - 1955 • Kansas City regional center • 1.1 million returns – test • 1959 - authorized to computerize fully • IBM won bid • 1401 @ each regional center • 7070 national center • Still 400 million cards a year • Changeover complete by 1967: cards to magnetic drum

  10. IRS continued • TAS - Tax Administration System • Late 1960’s – implement new ideas • $650- $800 million • Distributing computing to 10 centers • Direct access via 8,000 terminals • Network • Lot of work in to security plans

  11. TAS (continued) • 1974 - Nixon resignation / IRS records • Public questioned security • 1977- Computerworld – GAO report • “Proposed IRS system may pose threat to privacy” • Congress held hearings • Jan. 1978 - IRS dropped TAS • 1985- IRS system collapsed, bad press • Congress approved change

  12. Put a Man on the Moon • Batch would just not work • Needed lots of money for real-time • Mercury Monitor (system software) • Data could interrupt processor to note life- threatening situations • Trap processor: checked levels of priority; saved contents of registers • Evolved to real-time version of System/ 360 O.S. a significant advance in system software

  13. Minicomputer • New, Not a competitor to mainframe • Driven by technology • Factors defining Mini • Architecture • Packaging • Third parties • Price • Financing

  14. Architecture of Mini • Short Word • Implications • Small addresses, values, instructions • Instructions more complex • Instruction “modes” • With new transistors, processor still simple inexpensive and fast

  15. First Mini at CDC • 1957 - CDC (Jack Norris) developed 1604 • Seymour Cray – CDC 160 • 1960 – CDC Model 1604 • Designed model 160 for I/O • Word = 12 bits • 8,000 word memory • Fast clock • 160A sold for $60,000 (stand alone) • 1963- Jack Scanllin, Scanllin Electronics • 2-160A’s to provide online stock quotes to brokers

  16. Digital Equipment Corp (DEC) • Founded 1957; K. Olsen, H. Anderson • Olsen: MIT Whirlwind; MIT’s TX-0 (transistors) • 1957-Most advanced in world • 1959 - PDP-1 • designer Ben Gurley • Designed to take full advantage of transistors (not a “re-fit”) • 100,000 adds/sec; 4,000-6,000 8-bit words

  17. PDP- 1 features • Transistors • DMA: defined mini architecture • No I/O channels (with own memory) • Fast, little effect on 1717processor • Cheap and simple • Interrupts: up to 16 levels • circuits to handle in order • 1 IBM channel cost more than PDP-1: $120K • Sold about 50, only moderate success financially, but very innovative.

  18. DEC’s Policies • Customer Relations Contrast to IBM • Sold Computers • Encouraged customer modifications • Had sophisticated customers • Necessary - small company • Manuals • “A Sears- Roebuck catalog” for DEC products • Sold cheap or gave away

  19. PDP-8 -1965 • Sold 50,000; • plus single–chip versions • 12-bit word • Germanium transistors - faster • Indirect addressing; Paged memory; innovations • DECtape – portable, r/w both directions, like disk • Price??? $18,000; down to $10,000 • Very low; shocked industry • Model 33 ASR - Teletype Corp. • Used ASCII, ctrl & esc Keys (Photo Pg. 134)

  20. PDP-8 (cont’d) • Term: Minicomputer • Tendency toward assembly language • OEM – original equipment mfg. • Added specialized equipment • Early use LS-8 (by Electronics Diversified) • Contained a PDP-8A • Controlled lights for A Chorus Line • PDP-8 on a potato picker (P. 136)

  21. DEC Culture • The Mill, Maynard, Mass. • 1965- $15 mil. Revenues • 1970 - $135 mil. • Proud of differences – IBM • Eventually competed with IBM - VAX • Read P. 136-139

  22. Chapter 4 – 1959 to 1969 From Mainframe to Minicomputer

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