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Discoveries of Eighteenth Century. Average Life Span: 40 to 50 years. 18 th Century (cont). Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created 1 st mercury thermometer Ben Franklin (1706-1790) i nvented bifocals for eyeglasses Dr. Jessee Bennet Performs 1 st successful C-section in 1794.
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Discoveries of Eighteenth Century Average Life Span: 40 to 50 years
18th Century (cont) Gabriel Fahrenheit(1686-1736) • created 1st mercury thermometer Ben Franklin (1706-1790) • invented bifocals for eyeglasses Dr. JesseeBennet • Performs 1st successful C-section in 1794
Edward Jenner (1749-1823) • Country doctor in England • Developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796 • How did he find this? …..next page
Jenner observed that individuals who had caught the less serious cowpox generally did not catch smallpox. • This led him to discover technique of vaccination when he deliberately infected a small boy with cowpox. • He found that this gave the child immunity against deadly smallpox.
The word “vaccination”, made up by Jenner for his treatment (comes from Latin vacca, a cow). Word was later adopted by Pasteur for immunization against any disease.
CheckPoint 10. The word vaccination is derived from a Latin word, which means . . ?.
Discoveries of 19th Century Average Life Span: 40 to 65 years
19th Century (cont) • Period known as the “industrial revolution” • Major progress in medical science occurred • due to development of machines • ready access to books
Rene Laënnec (1781-1826) • French physician • Invented stethoscope (1816) • Cylinder originally made from paper, then made from hollow wooden tube • Hailed as Father of Thoracic Medicine
19th Century(cont) Florence Nightingale (1820 – 1910) Pioneer of Nursing • Established efficient and sanitary nursing care units for injured soldiers during the Crimean War • Began professional education of nurses
Florence Nightingale tending the ill • Often called the “Lady with the Lamp” after her habit of making rounds at night
Although bedridden for many years, she campaigned tirelessly to improve health standards • published 200 books, reports & pamphlets • In recognition of her work Queen Victoria awarded Miss Nightingale the Royal Red Cross in 1883. • She died at age 90.
19th Century (cont) • Major Developments • Infection Control • Associated microscopic organisms with disease • Methods developed to stop the spread of organisms • Women became active participants in medical care • Elizabeth Blackwell – 1st female physician in US • Dorothea Dix – appointed Superintendent of Female Nurses of the Army • Clara Barton – founded the American Red Cross
CheckPoint 11. Laennec’s first stethoscope was made of: a. paper b. wood c. tree bark.
CheckPoint cont. 12. Before Laennec’s stethoscope, how did physicians listen to heart & lung sounds? .
James Blundell (1790-1877) • 1818- performed 1st successful human blood transfusion • transfused blood from husband to his wife by means of syringe
Blundell performed 10 transfusions up to 1830 • about half were successful • At this point, blood typing had not been developed & transfusions were risky. • In 1870's, doctors began using milk from cows, goats & humans, as blood substitute • This was replaced with saline solution in 1880's.
William Morton (1819-1868) • developed anesthesia techniques that made surgery painless
CheckPoint MATCHING: 13. Reformed hospitals; pioneered nursing 14. Successful blood transfusions 15. Developed anesthesia techniques. Morton Nightingale Blundell
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) • Father of Bacteriology • Discovered that microorganisms were everywhere • Proved that microbes caused disease.
Discovered that heating of milk killed germs--hence the term “pasteurization”. The process of boiling a liquid to destroy bacteria is still used today; most dairy products are pasteurized.
Pasteur also developed vaccines against anthrax & rabies. Louis's pupil, Emile Roux, inoculating boy against rabies at Pasteur Institute
Sir Joseph Lister (1827-1912) • Used asepsis in surgery • Discovered that carbolic acid killed germs. Carbolic acid sprayer
Lister Introduces Antisepsis • For six weeks, Lister had treated a boy's compound fracture wound with carbolic acid. • When Lister removed dressings from fracture, he found wound had healed without infection--something unheard of at that time!
Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923) • German physicist • Discovered x-rays in 1895 • 1st X-ray was of his wife’s hand
CheckPoint MATCHING: 16. Discovered x-rays 17. Developed rabies vaccine 18. Used carbolic acid to kill germs. Lister Pasteur Roentgen
Twentieth Century • Most rapid growth in health care Average Life Span: 60 – 80 years
Development of Rehabilitation Professions Physical Therapy Occupational Therapy Orthotics and Prosthetics Audiology Art Therapy Kinesiotherapy
Physical Therapy1894 Originated in England • Nurses were 1st Physical Therapists • RN using a Current impulse stimulator
Another type of physical therapy Using a “shoulder wheel” which was used after arm & shoulder injuries
Occupational Therapy - 1917 • Developed in response to injured veterans returning from WWI. • Needed rehab in order to get back to work. Occupational Therapy Ward
Depiction of wounded soldier weaving belt with aid of apparatus designed to exercise his injured arm.
Orthoticsand Prosthetics • Began with ancient art of splinting • Associated with amputation surgery after wars • Grew after WWI and WWII and the polio epidemics in late 1940’s & early 1950’s
Audiology - 1920’s • Origin in 1920’s when audiometers were 1st designed to measure hearing • Profession surged after WWI & II from noise induced hearing loss
Art Therapy - 1940’s • Patient’s creations were thought to reveal hidden feelings & emotions.
Kinesiotherapy - "Corrective Therapy" • Rehab programs developed during WWII to expedite return of soldiers to active duty following battle injuries.
CheckPoint 19. Many rehab professions developed in response to _______ injuries. • industrial • farm • polio • war.
Other new developments during the 20th Century • Use of new machines, i.e. X-Rays, MRI, ultrasound, CT scans, PET scans • New medicines and vaccines were developed • Causes of many diseases were identified • Physicians were able to treat the causeof the disease to cure the patient
Walter Reed • Demonstrated that mosquitoes carry yellow fever (1900)
Sir Alexander Fleming • Accidently discovered penicillin in 1928 • Became known as the “Wonder Drug” • Penicillin is a broad- spectrum antibiotic since it kills a wide range of bacteria
Dr. Michael DeBakey Well-renowned Houston cardiologist 1937 - Linked Lung cancer to cigarette smoking 1950s – One of the first to perform Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery 1953 – Performed the 1st successful Carotid Endarterectomy (plague removal and stent placement) Pioneer in development of artificial heart. First to use an external heart pump successfully – a “left ventricular bypass pump”.
20th Century (cont) • Jonas Salk • Discovered a killed polio virus would afford immunity to poliomyelitis. • Developed the polio vaccine in 1952 • Albert Sabin • Developed an oral live-virus polio vaccine in mid- 1950s