PLANT DISEASE PROBLEMS ON SMALLHOLDER FARMS IN ASIA

1. PLANT DISEASE PROBLEMS ON SMALLHOLDER FARMS IN ASIA Susamto Somowiyarjo Faculty of Agriculture Gadjah Mada University Yogyakarta, Indonesia AASPP and APPS Conference April 26-29 2011 Darwin, Australia

2. The Role of Agricultural Growth in the Most Asian Countries • Provide employment in rural area and reducing urbanization • Conservation of natural resources and tropical forest as lung of the world • Development of local wisdom and culture • Source of food security and safety • As social and political stability • Development of domestic savings and foreign exchange • Source of renewable bio-energy

4. Agriculture’s Central Role in Meeting MDGs (Mainly in four goals) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Achieve universal primary education Promote gender equality and women empowerment Reduce child mortality Improve maternal health Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and other diseases Ensure environmental sustainability Develop a global partnership development

6. GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWERS WOMEN (World Bank, 2005) • Nearly half of the world’s farmers are women (men pursue employment off of the farm) • Income and “time” poverty • Heavy workloads can induce women to remove their children from school • Women will benefit from opportunity in agriculture that help them to use their special skills for remunerative purposes, such as skill in small livestoke production, horticulture, or processing and packing.

7. THE PATHS OF AGRICULTURAL GROWTH TO CONTRIBUTE THE MDGS • IMPROVE PEOPLE’S ACCESS TO MORE AND BETTER-QUALITY OF FOOD • RAISE FARM INCOMES • CREATE IMPLOYMENT ON AND OFF FARM • EMPOWERMEN POOR AND MARGENALIZED GROUPS, INCLUDING WOMEN • PROMOTE OF SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

8. CHALLENGES CONFRONTING ASIAN AGRICULTURE Food security and safety Competitiveness of agricultural products Climate change and global warwing Management and sustainability of natural resources Low production and productivity The Scale of farm (0.16 ha & landless labores)

9. MAIN PROBLEM IN SMALLHOLDER FARMER Limited resources and low education Lack of modern technology and managerial skill, including in diseases management Limited access to capital and information Low input and low income Low entrepreneurial ability Under-representation in political processes Price fluctuation Conversion of fertile agricultural lands to non agricultural uses Food and fuel-land competition

10. Yellow disease on pepper

11. Pepper intercrop with potato, bean and chinese cabbage respectively

12. Reducing Gemini Virus Using Border Plants

13. HLB symptom on Siem mandarin as the most abundant citrus grown in Indonesia

14. Banana Bunchy Top Virus

15. Acacia mangium yang terserang Ganoderma sp. Acasia sp in Community Forest infected with Ganoderma sp.

16. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIGENIOUS AGRICULTURAL METHODS (Alteri, 204) • High species number • High structural diversity in time and space • Exploitation of the full range of local microenvironments • Maintenance of closed cycles of materials and waste through effective recycling practices • Complex biological interdependency (promote natural pest suppression) • Dependence on local resources and human and animal energy • Use of local varieties of crops and animals

17. Present Situation of Smallholder Farms • Introduction of exotic crops resulted in increasing plant diseases problems • Plant diseases control is predominated by the use of conventional synthetic pesticides • The high-quality standard demanded by the market results in heavy dependence on pesticides

18. DISEASES MANAGEMENT CONSTRAINTS • LOW ACCES TO FARM INPUT (PLANTING MATERIALS, FERTILIZER AND PESTICIDE) • LIMITED EXTENTION SERVICES • LACK OF AGRONOMIC INFORMATION (RESISTANCE VARIETY) • DIFFICULTY IN CROP ROTATION • NO QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR FARM INPUT • LACK OF SKILL IN USING MODERN INPUT • LACK OF MANAGERIAL SKILL FOR FOOD SAFETY • NO INCENTIVE TO EMPLOY IPM CONCEPT

19. THE ROLE OF PLANT PATHOLOGISTS • SERVING AS CATALYSTS AND AGENTS OF CHANGE • DEVELOPING THEIR PROFESIONAL SKILLS • FINDING SCIENTIFIC BASIC FOR LOCAL WISDOM • DEVELOPING DIAGNOSTIC METHOD AND SKILL FOR NEW EMERGING DISEASES • IMPROVING ACCESS TO EXISTING IPM • DISSEMINATION OF THE SAFE AND COST EFFECTIVE USE OF PESTICIDES

20. POSIBLE CONTRIBUTION OF OUR SOCIETY • Promoting the exchange and dissemination of scientific knowledge and information on plant diseases management • Developing human resourses for phytopathological research and extention • Strengthening and enriching research capability in managing plant diseases • Generating goodwill and promoting better understanding among plant pathologists in the world

21. Senior and junior plant pathologists observing Rice Virus Disease on smallholder farm

22. Prof Takikawa checking bacterial wilt of Chili in Bantul, Yogyakarta

23. HLB Master Class in Smallholder Citrus Farm in East Java

24. Citrus Farmer Field School Practical HLB detection tool using Iodine Kit Field extension for detection and management of HLB

25. Tony Pattison and Andrew Daly atNusantara Tropical Fruit with Blood Disease Problem on Cavendish

26. Prof Beattie gathering with citrus farmers and local agricultural officers in East Java

28. Thank you