Empire Building in Africa (1880 – 1914)

1. Empire Building in Africa(1880 – 1914) Ch. 6, Sec. 2

2. Shaka Zulu and the Zulu Nation Zulus fought the Boers in the 1830s when the Dutch settlers (Boers) moved into Zulu land to escape from the British during what became known as “The Great Trek.” Zulu land became a part of British-controlled land in 1887. Shaka Zulu

3. Distribution of African language families

4. British Egypt • The Suez Canal was built with French money & Egyptian labor and opened in 1869. • With Egypt in debt, the canal was turned over to the British in 1882. • Egypt became a British protectorate in Egypt in 1914 to control access to the Suez Canal.

5. A. The Suez Canal, 1869. 1. “Lifeline of the British Empire” 2. Faster access to Asian & African colonies. 3. Saved 4,000 miles; 2 weeks travel.

6. B. The Berlin Conference (1884). 1. Bismarck hosted the Western powers to set rules for dividing up Africa.

7. Only 36 years later. Map is on Page 344 in Textbook 1914

8. The scramble for Africa.

9. 1. Gold: Economic Motive. a) Raw Materials: Gold, diamonds, rubber, copper, tin, oil, etc. b) Markets: Africans would buy European goods. C. European Motives for Imperialism. Gold, Glory, and God. Rubber tree In Liberia

10. 2. Glory: National Pride a) Measure of national superiority. b) Plant flag on as much of the world as possible.

11. 3. God: The Missionary Impulse a) Europeans to Christianize the world. b) End the Arab slave trade. c) Wanted to “civilize” the “savages.”

12. D. Dr. David Livingstone, Scottish minister. 1. Explored Africa’s interior, 1860’s.

13. E. The Congo 1. Henry Stanley – American who found Livingstone in Africa in 1871. 2. By 1882, signed treaties w/ local chiefs of Congo River Valley giving control to King Leopold II of Belgium. “Dr. Livingstone, I presume.” - Henry Stanley

14. Belgian Congo ► King Leopold II ► Used forced labor to collect sap from rubber plant, but willed his colony to Belgium upon his death in 1908.

15. A young boy (Impongi) with a severed hand and foot, mutilated by sentries after his village failed to meet its rubber quota. The Belgian Congo under King Leopold II employed mass forced labor of the indigenous population to extract rubber from the jungle. As the demand for rubber grew King Leopold's private army of 16,000 mercenaries were given leave to use any method to coerce the population into meeting quotas, including random killing, mutilation, village burning, starvation and hostage taking. This photograph forms part of the Harris lantern slide collection. Alice Seeley Harris and her husband John Harris were missionaries in the Congo in the early 1900s. Their photographs formed part of what was probably the first orchestrated multimedia campaign against widespread human rights abuses.

16. Rubber Plantations • Small slits are cut by hand into trunks of rubber trees. • White latex is collected into small bowls. • It is later collected into large vats, then dripped onto a rotating mass of rubber being cooked over a slow, smoky fire.

17. F. “The sun never sets on the British Empire.” 1. Rudyard Kipling – moral responsibility.

18. The White Man’s Burden • Rudyard Kipling (1865 – 1936). • English poet. • Justification for European imperialism was the idea that the “more advanced” peoples had the moral responsibility to raise “ignorant” native peoples to a “higher level of civilization.” • Poem addressed to the United States.

19. Social Darwinism • Cecil Rhodes was the driving force behind British Imperialism in South Africa • He believed Europeans had the right & duty to bring progress to other countries: Social Darwinism

20. G. Military Technology. 1. Hiram Maxim, an American, invented the “Maxim Gun” in 1889. 2. World’s 1st automatic machine gun.

22. The Steam Engine • Railroads and steamboats allowed Europeans to advance into the interior of Africa. • Technology allowed Europeans to maintain close communications within a colony as well as b/w the colony & the mother country.

23. Current Geographic Malaria Locales ► Europeans developed a cure for Malaria, allowing them to stay and take control of Africa.

24. Effects of Malaria

25. Britain: “The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire” • Queen Victoria of England (1819 – 1901). • Ruled over the largest colonial empire, including African colonies in Nigeria, Egypt, South Africa, among others. • India was her “crown jewel” of the empire.

26. “The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire” 1900 ► From 1788-1868, approx. 160,000 male, female, and child convicts were sent from England to the colony of Australia (independence in 1901, but still strong Ally).

27. British Imperialism: 19th-20th C.

28. British South Africa “I think what God would like me to do is to paint as much of Africa British red as possible.” - Cecil Rhodes, 1896.

29. H. Boer War (1899-1902). 1. British fought the Boers (Dutch settlers). 2. 1st modern war: used concentration camps. 3. British won & created South Africa.

30. French Colonies • The French colonized much of North & West Africa, including Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and French W. Africa. • The majority of the population living there were Arab Muslims. • The French used direct control over their colonies, and used a policy of paternalism in ruling. • The French wanted colonial peoples to assimilate to French culture.

31. Eugene Delacroix: Mid-19th century North African travels produced series of paintings reflecting French attitudes towards African peoples. Algerian Women in their Apartments, 1834 Sultan of Morocco & His Entourage, 1845

32. Delacroix (1766–1863) believed beauty existed in the fierceness of nature, especially animals, which he painted in scenes of violent & exotic tiger hunts. Romantic ideals of Africa appealed to the Europeans, and encouraged exploration and, later, colonization. The Tiger Hunt, 1854.

33. I. African Resistance. 1. Liberia. 2. Ethiopia.

34. African Resistance Movements: Ethiopia Menelik II of Ethiopia was the only successful African to defeat the Europeans. He defeated the Italians in 1896. He used modern military technology supplied by the French & Russians to defeat the imperialists. By 1914, only Ethiopia and Liberia were the only two countries in Africa that remained independent.

35. Percentage of Africa Controlled by European Countries in 1913. Which country controlled the most land in Africa? Who controlled the least?

36. European empires:  British in red, French in green, German in purple. Blue arrows show the flow of raw materials; purple arrows show the flow of manufactured goods.

37. Satirical cartoon from the mid-19th century, the imperial British lion (its tail holding a box marked “Carrying Trade” indicating the source of Britain’s wealth in the flow of trade among its colonies) muses that the American eagle, while holding a scroll marked “Monroe Doctrine” (to indicate President Monroe’s policy that no European power should make territorial claims in the Americas).

38. This small brochure was produced by the German government in 1940.

39. European Advantages: Maxim gun (1889) made it easier for Europeans to put down resistance movements. Steam engine made it possible explore & colonize deep within the interior of the continent. The cure for malaria provided Europeans with a longer life span to stay and conquer. African Disadvantages: Diversity of population made it difficult to unite to fight against Europeans. Low technology made it difficult to resist advanced weaponry. How Were Europeans Able to Conquer?

40. NEGATIVE EFFECTS Africans lost control of their land & independence. Many died from diseases like smallpox. Thousands died resisting the Europeans. Famines resulted in switching to cash crops. Lost traditional culture. Identity problems. Divided continent with artificial boundaries. POSITIVE EFFECTS Reduced local warfare. Humanitarian efforts. Improved sanitation. Improved schools, transportation & hospitals. Lifespan increased. Literacy rates increased (whose language?). Economic expansion and infrastructure built. The Legacy of Imperialism