CHAPTER 29 EVOLUTION

1. CHAPTER 29 EVOLUTION Evolution: Isn't Evolution Just a Theory?

2. Early Ideas on Evolution _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ Carolus Linnaeus, 1735 Georges Buffon, 1749 Erasmus Darwin, 1749 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, 1809 2nd to classify organisms based on their _________ Proposed that species shared ________________ Proposed that more complex life forms arose from _______ complex life forms Proposed that changes in an environment caused changes in ________________ traits ancestors less organisms

3. Theories of Geologic Change sets the stage for the Theory of Evolution CATASTROPHISM GRADUALISM UNIFORMITARIANISM

4. CATASTROPHISM Georges Cuvier Theory proposed by _______________________. States that ______________________________ such as ___________ and _______________________________ have shaped ________________ and caused species to become ___________________ in the process. Natural disasters floods volcanic eruptions landforms extinct GRADUALISM James Hutton Theory proposed by ______________________. States that the changes in landfoms resulted from ___________________ that had occurred over a long period of time. slow changes UNIFORMITARIANISM Theory proposed by ______________________. States that the changes in geologic processes that shape the Earth are uniform through time. __________________________________________________________________________________ Charles Lyell The changes have happened in the past and are ONGOING!

5. ADAPTATIONS Traits that make a living thing able to survive in its surroundings. TYPES OF FEET TYPES OF BEAKS WEBBED FISH INSECTS CLAWED HOOVED PADDED NUTS FISH

7. OTHER ADAPTATIONS COLORATION BODY FAT AND THICK FUR SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS ADAPTATION ACTIVITY

8. Why doesn't the bird have teeth? Because it doesn't eat meat and has no need for them. _______________________ _______________________

9. WHICH MOTH WOULD BE MOST RECOGNIZABLE BY ITS PREDATOR? What happens to the moth that is not selected by the predator? 1. It survives 2. It passes on his traits _______________________ _______________

10. WHICH MOTH WOULD BE MOST RECOGNIZABLE BY ITS PREDATOR? What happens to the moth that is not selected by the predator? 1. It survives 2. It passes on its traits _______________ _______________________

11. NATURAL SELECTION Who determined which moth was better adapted to its surroundings? OWL _____________________________ Principles of NS Natural Selection- process in which something in nature does the selecting of what will survive and what will not survive. ____________________ - ______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

12. WHAT THINGS IN NATURE CAN SELECT WHO LIVES? PREDATORS WEATHER CONDITIONS RESOURCE SHORTAGES DISEASE ____________________________ _________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ____________________________

14. Preying Mantis: Camouflaged to hide from its prey. Would you see it?

15. Walking Stick: Camouflaged to hide from its predators.

17. Thorn Bug: Camouflaged to hide from its predators.

19. ADAPTATIONS IN REVIEW Adaptations = traits Traits = genes Adaptations = genes ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________

20. MUTATIONS • A CHANGE IN THE DNA CODE • ARE NATURAL EVENTS • CAN BE A SOURCE FOR NEW TRAITS • THESE NEW TRAITS CAN BE ADAPTATIONS BECAUSE THEY MIGHT HELP THE ORGANISM SURVIVE IN ITS ENVIRONMENT __________________________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________

21. ARE ALL MUTATIONS BAD? -NO- BROWN COAT TO WHITE COAT BROWN COAT TO WHITE COAT HELPFUL __________________ HARMFUL The brown rabbit is more easily seen by predators. It will most likely not survive and reproduce. __________________ The white deer is more easily seen by predators. It will most likely not survive and reproduce.

22. SPECIES FORMATION Species – A group of living things that can breed with others of the same species and form ‘FERTILE’ offspring. _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ Fertile – being able to reproduce by forming egg or sperm cells

23. SPECIES FORMATION • New species are formed by: • Animals within the same species are separated by a barrier, (water, mountains, etc). • They live apart for thousands of years with different living conditions. • 2. Natural selection takes place within the two separate regions. • 3. Individuals with the desirable traits for their specific environment survive and reproduce. • 4. Over time the two groups can become different species as they develop different adaptations. _________ __________________________ _________ _____________________ _______________ _____________________ _________

24. Galapagos Islands • Seed Eaters • Plant Eaters • Insect Eaters • Cactus Eaters Your Text Here

26. BOTTOM LINE: ONLY THE STRONG SURVIVE! _______________________________________________________

27. HUMAN EVOLUTION Common Misconception: HUMANS COME FROM MONKEYS

28. PRIMATES OLD WORLD MONKEYS APES NEW WORLD MONKEYS • Some have tails • Nostrils Point Downwards • No tails • Have tails • Nostrils Point Upwards Patas monkey(Africa) Hamadryas baboon(Africa) Congo Gorilla Prehensile tails   (spider monkeys)   Howler Monkey

29. PRIMATE EVOLUTION “Before Monkey” PROSIMIANS NEW WORLD MONKEYS OLD WORLD MONKEYS APES HUMANS 40 MILLION 30 MILLION 10 MILLION

30. HUMAN EVOLUTION APES Walked upright, very short. “Lucy” AUSTRALOPITHECUS _____________________________________ HOMO HABILIS Used tools, somewhat taller. Lived in Africa _____________________________________ HOMO ERECTUS Lived in Europe. Continental drift? _____________________________________ HOMO SAPIEN Neanderthal _____________________________________ HOMO SAPIEN SAPIEN Cave Drawings, This is us! _____________________________________ 10 MILLION YEARS AGO Ardi Did humans evolve?

31. HARD PROOF OF HUMAN EVOLUTION What do the differences in the skull suggest? ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Virtual lab – Hominoid skulls Hominid Skulls

32. Comparing Fossil Evidence C • Acurate measurements are taken to compare fossils. • A line is drawn over the eye socket from front to back of skull • A line is drawn under the eye socket from front to back of skull • A line is drawn from the highest point on the top of skull to lower line. B A Supraorbital index : Using a metric ruler, 1. Multiply the value of BC by 100 ____ 2. Divide the result by AC ____ Size of Brain / Intelligence What is the supraorbital index measuring? _____________________________

33. So, while we don't "come from" monkeys, We share a common ancestor. "Star" a point on the pedigree to indicate that common ancestor.

34. PRIMATE EVOLUTION “Before Monkey” PROSIMIANS NEW WORLD MONKEYS OLD WORLD MONKEYS APES HUMANS 40 MILLION 30 MILLION 10 MILLION

35. FOSSILS Complex Organisms Newest Layer of Rock • Remains of once-living things • Found in earth’s crust within sedimentary rock ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ Oldest Layer of Rock Simple Organisms

36. PROOF OF EVOLUTION __Body Comparisons__ ___Fossils______________________________________________________ __Embryos_____________________

37. BODY COMPARISONS Shows common traits in organisms which determine relationships/evolution 1. Body Structure a. Bones: (Number of bones, Length of bones, etc) b. Skulls: (Size of, Position of, Similarities of, etc) 2. Body Chemistry a. DNA b. Blood ______________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _______________________________ ______________ __________

38. BROAD AND SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS Structure of organisms Skulls of fossil Hominidae Australopithecus robustus Homo habilis & H. sapiens Evolution from different ______________ of animals Homo erectus Homo sapiens neanderthalis CLASSES Evolution within same _______________ of animals ORDER

39. EMBRYOLOGY • The study of embryos • Show common ancestry • Show common traits ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ Which one is human? How does evolution work VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE - body part that no longer has a function appendix and pink lump in eye of humans

40. CHARLES DARWIN Naturalist • English __________________ who wrote the __________________________ • Developed the ___________________________ • Stated that evolution is a _______________ in the ______________ ______________ of a group of organisms over time. Origin of the Species Theory of Evolution change hereditary features Controversy

41. Charles Darwin traveled on the HMS Beagle from England to the ____________________________ It is on these islands that Darwin made his observations and compiled __________________________________________ Galapagos Islands evidence of the evolutionary process.

42. Darwin's Observations Variation • _______________________: the difference in the physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the group to which it belongs. • ________________________: Variation that occurs among members of different species • ________________________: Variation that occurs among individuals of the same species. Interspecific Variation Intraspecific Variation Adaptation • _______________________: The feature(s) that allow an organism to better survive in its environment. • Adaptations can lead to genetic change in a _______________________________________. Population over time

43. CHARLES DARWIN Summary of Evolutionary Points • LIVING THINGS OVERPRODUCE • THERE IS VARIATION AMONG OFFSPRING • THERE IS A STRUGGLE TO SURVIVE • NATURAL SELECTION IS ALWAYS TAKING PLACE ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ____________________________________________ __________________ Evolution: Why Does Evolution Matter Now?

44. TERMINOLOGY • COMPETITION: __struggle among living things to get their needs______________________________ • EVOLUTION : _change in hereditary features in a group of organisms over time_________________ • EXTINCT : _life-form that no longer exists_____________________________________________ • FERTILE : ___can produce viable egg and sperm___________________________________ • FOSSIL : __remains of once living things from the past_____________________________________ • NATURAL SELECTION_something in a living thing’s surroundings will determine if it will survive__ • NEW-WORLD MONKEY_tails that can grasp and nostrils that open upward__________________ • OLD-WORLD MONKEY __cannot grasp with tails and have downward nostrils_________________ • OPPOSABLE THUMB: _thumb that is positioned opposite of other fingers_________________ • PRIMATE: _have eyes that face forward and thumbs that grasp_____________________________ • SEDIMENTARY ROCK: _form from mud, sand and other fine particles___________________________ • SPECIES: __group of living things that can produce fertile offspring__________________________ • VARIATION: _a trait that makes an individual different from others of its species________________ • VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE: _body part that no longer has a function appendix and pink lump in eye of humans

45. HOW DO ORGANISMS EVOLVE?