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METHODS IN NUTRITION PROGRAMS IN INDIA AND ASSESTMENT OF EXISTING PROGRAM .

METHODS IN NUTRITION PROGRAMS IN INDIA AND ASSESTMENT OF EXISTING PROGRAM. National Prohylaxis Programme for Prevention of Blindness due to vitamin A deficiency. National anaemia control programme , and National iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) control programme.

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METHODS IN NUTRITION PROGRAMS IN INDIA AND ASSESTMENT OF EXISTING PROGRAM .

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  1. METHODS IN NUTRITION PROGRAMS IN INDIA AND ASSESTMENT OF EXISTING PROGRAM.

  2. National ProhylaxisProgramme for Prevention of Blindness due to vitamin A deficiency. • National anaemia control programme, and • National iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) control programme. NUTRITION DEFICIENCY CONTROL PROGRAMMES

  3. Vitamin A deficiency recognizes to be a major controllable public health and nutritional problem. • In India, milder forms of vitamin A deficiency affecting conjunctive,likeBitot spots are observed in about 1-5% preschool children. National Prophylaxis Programme for Prevention of Blindness due to Vitamin A Deficiency

  4. According to WHO>0.5% prevalence of Bitot spot in preschool children in indicative of public health significance. • Longitudinal community studies reveal that in some parts of the country, the incidence of corneal xerophthalmia is about >o.5 to 1 per 1000, preschool children. • It is estimated that about 30-40,000 children in the country are at risk of developing nutritional blindness every year.

  5. The national prophylaxis programme for the prevention of nutritional blindness due to vitamin A deficiency aims at protecting children 6 months- 5 years at risk from vitamin A deficiency. TARGET GROUP • All children, of 6 months to 5 years, particularly those living in rural, tribal and urban slum areas, are beneficiaries of the programme. Objectives:

  6. Prevention of vitamin A deficiency : The programme comprises a long term and a short term strategy. While the short term intervention focuses on administration of mega dose of vitamin A on periodic basis. • Dietary improvement is the long term ultimate solution to the problem of vitamin A deficiency. PROGRAMME Strategy

  7. Regular dietary intake of vitamin A rich foods by pregnant and lactating mothers and by children under 5 years of age must be promoted. • The mothers attending antenatal clinics and immunization sessions as well as mothers and children enrolled in the ICDS programme must be made aware of the importance of preventing vitamin A deficiency. • Breast feeding , including feeding of colostrum ,must be encouraged. Promoting consumption of vitamin A rich foods

  8. Feeding of locally B-carotene (precursor of vitamin A) rich food such as green leafy vegetables and yellow and orange vegetables and fruits like pumpkin, carrots, papaya, mango, oranges etc. along with cereals and pulse to a weaning child must be promoted widely. • For increasing availability of vitamin A rich food, growing of vitamin A rich foods in home gardens and consumption of these must be promoted.

  9. Administering Massive Dose of vitamin A: • Administration of massive dose of vitamin A to preschool children at periodic intervals is a simple, effective and most direct intervention strategy. • This is a short term strategy. • Unlike most other micronutrients, vitamin A is stored in the body for prolonged periods and hence periodic administration of massive dose ensures adequate vitamin A nutrition.

  10. Under the massive dose programme, every infant between 6-11 months of age and every child between 1-5 years is to be administered vitamin A every 6 months. • 6-11 months – one dose of 100000 IU • 1-5 years – 200000 IU • A child must receive a total of 9 oral doses of vitamin A by her fifth birthday.

  11. Treatment of vitamin A deficiency • All children with clinical signs of vitamin A deficiency must be treated as early as possible. Treatment schedule includes: • Single oral dose of 200000 IU of vitamin A immediately on diagnoses. • Follow up dose of 200000 IU 1-4 weeks later.

  12. Nutritional anaemia is a serious public health problem. • Although anaemia is widespread in the country, it especially affects women in the reproductive age group and young children. • Nutritional anemia, due to iron and folic acid deficiency, is directly or indirectly responsible for about 20 percent of maternal deaths. • Anaemia is a major contributory cause of high incidence of premature births, low birth weight and prenatal mortality. National Nutrition Anaemia Control Programme (NNACP)

  13. OBJECTIVES • The National Nutritional Anaemia Control Programme aims at significantly decreasing the prevalence and include of anaemia in women in reproductive age group, especially pregnant and lactating women, and preschool children.

  14. TARGET GROUP • The beneficiaries of the programme include: • Women in the reproductive age group, particularly pregnant and lactating mothers. • Children 1-5 years of age. • Family planning acceptors (women who accept family planning measures like intrauterine devices (IUD) and tubectomy).

  15. Programme Strategy • Promotion of regular consumption of foods rich in iron. • Regular dietary intake of iron and folic acid rich foods by pregnant and lactating women, adolescent girls and children under 5 years of age must be promoted. • Regular consumption of iron rich foods such as green leafy vegetables (like mustard leaves )(sarson ka sag), amaranth (chaulai sag), colcoasia (arbi) leaves, knolkhol greens (ganthgobi ka sag), cereals (such as jaggery (gur) must be promoted widely. • Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) promotes absorption of iron. Regular consumption of vitamin C rich foods such as lemon, orange, guava, amla, green mango along with iron rich foods must be encouraged.

  16. Pregnant Women: One big (adult) tablet per day for 100 days (each tablet containing 60 mg/ 100 mg of elemental iron and 500 ug folic acid). These tablets to be provided to women after the first trimester of pregnancy. • Preschool Children (1-5 years): One paediatric (small) tablet containing 20 mg iron and 100 ug folic acid daily for 100 days every year. • Lactating women and IUD acceptors: One big (adult) tablet (containing 60mg/ 100 mg of elemental iron and 500 ug folic acid) per day for 100 days Promoting consumption of iron and folic acid supplements to the ‘high risk’ groups

  17. Surveillance of iron deficiency involves an ongoing process of recording and assessing iron status in an individual or a community. • Worldwide, the most common method of screening individuals or populations for iron deficiency involves determining the prevalence of anemia by measuring blood hemoglobin or haematocrit levels. • A major limitation of each of these two tests, however, lies in the fact that anemia is not a specific indication of iron deficiency. Other nutrient deficiencies and most infectious diseases can also result in significant anemia. Individual and population-based assessment

  18. One common practice in assessing whether or not anemia is due to iron deficiency involves monitoring the response in hemoglobin or haematocrit levels after 1 or 2 months of oral supplementation with iron. • An increase of 10 g/l in hemoglobin or 3% in haematocrit is indicative of iron deficiency. • Individual management in resource-poor countries is likely to be based mainly upon either hemoglobin or haematocrit assessment - or both - and upon their response to initial iron therapy.

  19. Determine the magnitude, severity, and distribution of iron deficiency and anemia, and preferably its main causes. • Identify populations more affected or at greater risk • Monitor trends in prevalence and evaluate the impact of interventions • Measure progress towards achieving the goals adopted by the International Community. • Provide the basis for advocacy programmes for iron deficiency and anemia prevention in affected and vulnerable populations. Purposes of biological assessment

  20. Elimination of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) is a most important healthand social goal. • Iodine deficiency at critical stages during pregnancyand early childhood results in impaired development of the brain andConsequently in impaired mental function. • There are three major components of sustainable programme to eliminate IDD: political support, administrative arrangements, and assessment and monitoring systems NATIONAL IDD CONTROL PROGRAMME

  21. There are three major components of sustainable programme to eliminate IDD: • political support, • Administrative arrangements • Assessment and monitoring systems. • Recognizing the importance of preventing IDD, the World Health Assembly • Adopted in 1991 the goal of eliminating iodine deficiency as a public health • Problem by the year 2000. • In 1993, WHO and UNICEF recommended universal salt iodization (USI) 1 as the main strategy to achieve elimination of IDD.

  22. Monitoring of any health intervention is essential, to check that it is functioning as planned and to provide the information needed to take. • Salt iodization programmes, like any other health interventions, therefore require an effective system for monitoring and evaluation.e corrective action if necessary. • The challenge is to apply the IDD indicators using valid and reliable methods while keeping costs to a minimum. Monitoring and evaluating IDD control programmes

  23. Process indicators • These indicators involve salt iodine content at the production site, • Point of packaging, wholesale and retail levels, and in households. • Indicators to assess baseline IDD status and to monitor and evaluate the impact of salt iodization on the target population (impact indicators) INDICATORS WHICH ARE USED IN MONITORINGAND EVALUATING IDD CONTROL PROGRAMMES.

  24. Sustainability indicators • This involves a combination of median urinary iodine levels in the target population, availability of adequately iodized salt at the household level.

  25. Recommended iodine intake • WHO, UNICEµF, and recommend that the daily intake of iodine should be as follows: • 90 µg for preschool children (0 to 59 months); • 120µg for schoolchildren (6 to 12 years); • 150µg for adults (above 12 years); and • 200µg for pregnant and lactating women.

  26. Assessment of the situation requires baseline IDD prevalence surveys, including measurement of urinary iodine levels and an analysis of the salt situation. • Dissemination of findings implies communication to health professionals and the public, so that there is full understanding of the IDD problem and the potential benefits of elimination. • Development of a plan of action includes the establishment of an intersectional task force on IDD and the formulation of aStrategy document on achieving the elimination of IDD. • political will requires intensive education and lobbying of politicians and other opinion leaders. Administrative arrangements

  27. Implementation needs the full involvement of the salt industry. • Special measures, such as negotiations for monitoring and quality control of imported iodized salt, will be required. • It will also be necessary to ensure that iodized salt delivery systems reach all affected populations, including the neediest

  28. Monitoring and evaluation require the establishment of an efficient system for the collection of relevant scientific data on salt iodine content and urinary iodine levels.

  29. It is necessary to provide adequate dietary iodine to prevent brain damage in the fetus and in the young infant when the brain is growing rapidly. • Whether or not a national programme is providing an adequate amount of iodine to the target population is reliably assessed by reference to measurements of salt iodine (at the factory, retail, and household levels) and urinary iodine (measured in casual samples from schoolchildren or households). • Additional contributive measurements are estimation of thyroid size and blood tests. • Measurements of salt and urinary iodine thereby provide the essential elements for monitoring whether IDD is being successfully eliminated. Assessment

  30. External monitoring systems by governments-This system are based upon the establishment of a law which mandates that all salt for human and - in most countries, animal - consumption is iodized. • Other legal requirements should include packaging in polyethylene bags, labeling to identify the iodine level and the name and address of the company Packaging the salt. Monitoring systems

  31. Internal monitoring systems by producers and distributors • The Ministry of Industry, the Bureau of Standards, or Codex Alimentarius are useful reference sources for guiding producers in the process of iodizing salt.

  32. The NIDDCP is executed by a multiplicity of agencies comprising the Health, Industry and railway ministries of the central government. • The ministry of health and family welfare and directorate general of health services (DGHS) is responsible for the national implementation of the programme. • The salt department, under the ministry of industry, is the nodal agency for production, distribution , monitoring and quality control of iodised salt. IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

  33. The salt commissioner, in consultation with the ministry of railways, arranges for the movement of iodized salt from the production centre to the states. • The state government is responsible for the distribution of the iodized salt within the state either through the public distribution system or through the open market

  34. Clinical examination assess levels of health of individuals or of population groups in relation to the food they consume. • It is the simplest and practical method. • When two or more clinical signs characteristic of a deficiency disease are present simultaneously, their diagnostic significance is greatly enhanced. CLINICAL EXAMINATION

  35. Clinical signs and symptoms of nutritional inadequacy

  36. ADVANTAGES OF CLINICAL ASSESSMENT: • Physical examinations should be an integral part of most nutrition surveys for the following reasons: • It is inexpensive. • It does not require any laboratory equipment. • A physical examination may reveal evidence of certain nutritional deficiencies which will not be detected by dietary or laboratory methods. • The identification of even a few cases of clear-cut nutritional deficiency may be particularly revealing and provide a clue of malnutrition in a community. • The nutritional examination may reveal signs of a host of other diseases which merit diagnosis and treatment.

  37. DISADVANTAGES OF CLINICAL ASSESSMENT: • The major problems encountered in the clinical assessment of nutritional status are: • These have a low general prevalence in developed countries except in high risk groups. • Some clinical signs are non-specific of nutritional deficiency. • One clinical sign overlaps for more than one deficiency disorder. • It does not reflect the magnitude of the problem. • Skilled personel is required to carry out clinical examinations. 

  38. Boichemical test

  39. Variations in the intake of different nutrients present in the diet are reflected by changes in the concentration of the corresponding nutrients or metabolites influenced by the nutrients, in blood, tissue and in urine. • Although biochemical estimations of nutritional significance can be carried out on a variety of body tissues, including liver, muscle and bone, in practice, in field surveys, tests are confined to 2 fairly easily obtainable body fluids: blood and urine. Biochemical test

  40. The accuracy of biochemical tests depend upon the standards of collection, methods of transport and storage, including possible exposure to ultraviolet light, heat and shaking as well as the actual technique used.

  41. The important biochemical methods useful in the detection of nutritional deficiency states are classified under 2 heads: • First category methods: which include tests which are fairly simple to perform and have been widely used for detection of nutritional deficiency states • Second category methods: which are more complicated for use as routine procedures, but can be used by institutions having adequate facilities

  42. Measurement of nutrients, metabolites or other products in blood or urine. • Measurement of activity of vitamin dependent enzymes in RBC’s and in vitro activation with corresponding coenzymes. E.g. glutathione peroxidse. • Measurement of accumulated metabolites whose disposal depends upon vitamin or mineral dependent enzymes without preloading with precursor. • Measurement of some end function like RBC fragility, blood clotting, tensile strength of skin, work capacity etc. Types of biochemical test

  43. biochemical methods for assessing nutritional status

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