Chapter 2

1. Industrial Era (1880s-1950s)Development of: (#1)Organizations Function &(#2)Employee RelationsAdministrative Themes Chapter 2

2. Development of the (#1) Organization Functions Theme (1880s-1930s) ~ Discussion of the Historical Setting for the Period ~ Major Milestones

3. 1887, Woodrow Wilson, “The Study of Administration” • Who was Woodrow Wilson? • Written following enactment of the Pendleton Act. • First writing to recognize public administration as a profession. • Wilson said public administration should be separated from politics and be viewed as the business end of government (Goodnow, in his 1890 Politics & Administration, however, thought some public administration position should be elected) • Public administration should be conducted efficient & economically. • Presented somewhat of “closed system” where public administrators took their direction only from on elected officials.

4. 1916, Frederick W. Taylor, “Principles of Scientific Management” • Who was Taylor was and what was the field was he writing about? • He sought to increase productivity by finding the most efficient method of doing the job. • Administrations were to systematically determine “the one best way to do a job.” • Conceptualized employees as extensions of machines & advocated providing them with the right tools and training to increase productivity.

5. 1922, Max Weber, “Characteristics of Bureaucracy” • Who was Weber, and what is was his background? • He came to be known as “the father of bureaucracy.” • He described is bureaucratic organization as impersonal, rule-based, merit system assessed, with justice & management based on rational law. • His management “principles” which are discussed in Chapter 7 are standard even in today’s organizations.

6. 1937, Luther Gulick & Lydall Urwick, Papers on the Science of Administration • They condensed the duties of administration into the acronym POSDCoRB: • Planning, • Organizing, • Staffing, • Directing, • Coordinating, • Reporting and • Budgeting (William Willoughby, in 1918, defined reforms in government budgeting.)

7. Gulick & Lydall also include works of Henri Fayol who defined five organizational functions as: • (1) Unity of Command • (2) The Scalar Principle • (3) Span of Control • (4) Centralization • (5) Responsibility and Authority

8. Transitional MilestonesDuring the Organization Functions Period • Each Theme Period has milestone writings that are harbingers of the development of a new theme: • 1926, Mary Parker Follett, “The Giving of Orders ~ The first woman to become an acclaimed management scholar ~ Focused on the workers and their responses to various types of management. • 1938, Chester Barnard, Function of the Executive ~Beside the “formal organization” structure being written about at the time, he introduced the concept of an “informal system” made up mainly of the employees ~ He advocated that the “function of the executive was to maintain the dynamic equilibrium between the organization and the needs of the employees.” thus establishing the two manager functions of administration.

9. ORGANIZATION FUNCTIONS Key Concepts ~ POSDCORB • 1937 “NOTES ON THE THEORY OF ORGANIZATION” LUTHER GULICK ~ Father of Bureaucracy • 1922 “CHARACTERISICS OF BUREAUCRACY” MAX WEBER ~ Scientifically find the best way to do the job • 1912 “PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT, • FREDERICK TAYLOR ~ Public Administration is a Profession • 1887, “THE STUDY OF ADMINISTRATION” WOODROW WILSON

10. Development of the (#2) Employee Relations Theme(1940 - 1950s) ~ Discussion of the Historical Setting for the Period ~ Major Milestones

11. 1941, Elton Mayo, “The Hawthorne Experiments” • Discussion of the who, why and where this experiment was conducted. • The Experiment fostered the focus on Employee Relations as important to productivity. • Experiment found: 1. level of production is set by social norms, 2. non-economic rewards can motivate, 3. workers often react as groups rather than individuals.

12. 1943. Abraham Maslow, “A Theory of Human Motivation” • Examples of how they might apply in the organization environment (Table 2-1) 5. Self-actualizations needs 4. Esteem needs 3. Acceptance or love needs 2. Security or safety needs 1. Physiological needs • Created the “Human Needs Hierarchy”

13. 1957, Chris Argyris, “The Individual and Organization: Some Problems of Mutual Adjustment.” • Argyris was motivated by Maslow’s findings which demonstrate how one milestone builds upon another. • He criticized the structured principles developed during the Organization Functions period as too rigid. • He advocated that organizations need to be altered to fit individual needs.

14. 1957, Douglas McGregor, “The Human Side of Enterprise” • Discuss who McGregor was and how he came up with these concepts. • Created Theory X and Theory Y as opposing managed approaches: * Theory X – Employees are passive, lack ambition and must be directed by management. * Theory Y – Employees naturally want to achieve and management must foster ways for them to feel they have achieved by performing mutually agreed upon objectives.

15. 1956, Frederick Herzberg, The Motivation to Work • Discuss the relationship of where this experiment was conducted and the term “hygiene” factors. • Herzberg found that certain conditions just “maintained” employees while others motivated. * Hygiene (maintaining) factors include job security, salary, working conditions, interpersonal relations with supervisors and peers, and status. * Motivation (satisfiers) factors include the job itself, responsibility, and achievement. • Compare with the theories of Mayo, Maslow and McGregor.

16. EMPLOYEE RELATIONSKey Concepts ~ Maintenance vs. Satisfying Factors • 1959, MOTIVATION TO WORK” FREDERICK HERZBERG ~ Theories X & Y • 1957, “THE HUMAN SIDE OF ENTERPRISE” DOUGLAS MCGREGOR ~ Organizations need to be altered to fit individual needs • 1957, THE INDIVIDUAL & ORGANIZATION, CHRIS ARGYRIS ~ Applying Hierarchy of Human Needs to employees • 1943, “A THEORY OF HUMAN MOTIVATION” A. H. MASLOW • ~ Involving employees increases productivity • 1941, “THE HAWTHORNE EXPERIMENTS, ELTON MAYO

17. Transitional Milestones • A number of milestones during the Employee Relations period were indicators to the development of the Open System Theme. Of particular note were: 1947, John Gaus, “The Ecology of Public Administration” was first to look at organizations from an ecological prospective. 1949, Norton Long, “Power and Administration” advocated that public administrators must look beyond their organizations for direction.

18. Conclusion • Review Key Concepts & Terms and ensure that you understand each. • Become acquainted with how these become part of the textbook’s Compendium of Criminal Justice Themes and Related Key Concepts • Review Suggested Review Questions and Activates

19. PRACTICE QUIZ OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 1. Which is FALSE regarding Woodrow Wilson? a. Was first to recognize public administration as a profession b. Separated public administration from politics c. Thought elected officials were the primary source of direction for public administrators d. Looked upon public organizations as “open systems” e. Viewed public administration as the business end of government 2. Who was responsible for the concept of “bureaucracy”? a. Max Weber b. Frederick Taylor c. Woodrow Wilson d. Luther Gulick e. Frank Goodnow

20. 3. Who was responsible for the concept of POSDCoRB? a. Max Weber b. Frederick Taylor c. Woodrow Wilson d. Luther Gulick e. Frank Goodnow 4. Whose writings spotlight the beginning of the Employee Relations theme? a. Abraham Maslow b. Elton Mayo c. Chris Argyris d. Douglas McGregor e. Frederick Herzberg

21. 5. According to the X Theory, a manager task is to allow people to achieve their own goals by directing their own best efforts towards the organizational goals. a. true b. false 6. Whose research resulted in the “two factors” theory regarding motivation? a. Abraham Maslow b. Elton Mayo c. Chris Argyris d. Douglas McGregor e. Frederick Herzberg