evaluate the Key factors that have led to conflict and war or co-operation and peace

1. evaluate the Key factors that have led to conflict and war or co-operation and peace • Victoria, Kiki, Laura and Julia

2. Unit 1: Renaissance & Reformation Julia Adamson

3. Unit 2: Enlightenment Victoria Parker

4. Conflict and War • A movement by the landlords to consolidate their land was known as Enclosure. Parliament had passed the acts of enclosure in the interests of the landlords. • After Louis XVI had died, The smaller families could not provoke the major families without danger to themselves. Conflicts were based on expanding territories and commercial advantages, not religious or philosophical differences. Louis XVI, was the last real absolute monarch in France. He prompted to appeal the estates general to increase taxation. VP

5. ...Conflict and War • Military Glory was a focus for most powerful groups, peace was considered necessary only to prepare for the next war. • Foreign policies were made in England, France and Holland with the opinions of influential and powerful groups in ind. In other areas, monarchs and nobles continued to make decisions on when and how to wage war. Maintaining a balance of power in Europe and crippling the trade abilities of other countries were the Primary Military Objectives. VP

6. ...Conflict and War • The Enlightenment was a period that exalted Freedom of Thought and debate over obedience to tradition and belief. Enlightened thinkers promoted rationalism and encouraged cultural optimism, the understanding that once reason and knowledge became widespread, humanity would make inevitable progress. Voltaire, a well known playwright, was a very harsh critic of the Roman Catholic Church. He argued the idea of Religious Intolerance; the idea that in order to be christian you have to be Roman Catholic. John Locke, an english philosopher believed in the concept of innate ideas. Meaning man is born with the ability to think rationally. VP

7. ...Conflict and War • Enlightened thinkers espoused the need for human rights through public education, freedom of though, speech and the press, the abolition of slavery and a more human treatment of criminals. • Enlightenment ideas were not accepted all over Europe, Some thinkers had to confront religious censorship and the ever vigilant inquisition. • The Enlightenment did not take root everywhere in Europe at the same time. Beccaria, famous for his book, On Crime and Punishments. He advocated for an end to capital punishment and an end to the usage of torture. He argues that the state is lowering itself to the level of murder by using capital punishment. VP

8. Co-operation and Peace • During the 18th century, most advisers became convinced that a literate population was an advantage. Information was typically transmitted on printed pages, leather bound books, newspapers and pamphlets. • By the end of the 18th century books were being published all over Europe. Enlightened thinkers were holding literacy and philosophical discussion groups in their homes, where they could present and exchanged their ideas/opinions. • The Encyclopaedia was the most important publishing venture of the enlightenment. Denis Diderot created the worlds first encyclopaedia in 1751. The Encyclopedie was a compilation of material by over 300 writers, this made knowledge accessible. VP

9. Unit 2:The French Revolution Kiki Watts

10. Unit 3:The Industrial Revolution Laura Sharpe

11. Charles X • Replaced Louis XVIII in 1824. • Rejected the idea of a constitutional monarchy and brought back absolutism when he was in power. • He alienated the Bourgeoisie and granted titles and privileges to those that he favoured. • Refused the legislature which shut down parliament. • Restricts the press to print only what he approved. • Restricted those who could vote with not only a property qualificationbut also only to those in aristocracy. Charles X LS

12. July Monarchy • During July of 1830 revolutions would happen because the people were very unhappy with how Charles X started to run France. • Because of these demonstrations, Charles X fled Paris. • Charles X will be replaced by his cousin, Louis Philippe. • Louis-Philippe reinstated a constitutional monarchy and brought back the ideologies of liberty, equality and fraternity. • Louis-Philippe also brought back the flag of France. • He gave a slight easing on voting in the sense of the property qualifications. He also abolished restrictions on the press. LS

13. Louis Napoleon • The French people were still unsatisfied with the government and how little they were given, Especially after the Enlightenment period they brought in another coup d’etat. • Louis-Napoleon was put into power because he was Napoleon’s nephew and had a military background. • The Revolutions of 1848 • The second republic was proclaimed. • Universal Suffrage for all men. • Napoleon III did not start fighting the war with the working class. • Napoleon III knew that he could not alienate the Bourgeoisie. Napoleon III LS

14. Nationalism • Strong weapon to unite a Nation • People have pride for the state and pride for their history. • Identify with the same state; success of the state equals the success of the people. • Napoleon used Nationalism to unite France and truly believed in the concept because he was discriminated against. • Everyone is united by their state and no longer concerned with: • Language, Culture, Religion, Ethnicity Liberty Leading the People LS

15. Realpolitik • A system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations. • Combined the ‘isms’ to create a more practical and stable state • Constitutionalism • Liberalism • Socialism • Democracy LS

16. Otto Von Bismark • 1850; Bismark wants to unite the 39 states to create one state: Germany. • Bismark used the concept of nationalism and democracy to bring Prussia and Austria together to create Germany. • Prussia was Protestant and Austria was Catholic • Sparked the Prussian-Austrian War. • Kulturkampf: • Gave secularism to the newly created Germany. • Limited the Catholic Church/Secularize Education • Kulturkampf failed because it broke too many ties with the past. Otto Von Bismark LS

17. Questions • Do you agree with the thoughts and opinions of the Enlightened thinkers discussed, when it comes to providing stability? • Out of the concepts that have been discussed, which do you think would yield the greatest results in out society today? • If you were to run a country, which concept would you chose and why do you think it would be effective?