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International and National Reactions to the Cold War

International and National Reactions to the Cold War. NATO, Warsaw Pact, Norad , Radar Stations ( Pinetree , Mid-Canada, Dew Line), Avro (p.194-197). International Reactions to the Cold War In the West:

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International and National Reactions to the Cold War

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  1. International and National Reactions to the Cold War NATO, Warsaw Pact, Norad, Radar Stations(Pinetree, Mid-Canada, Dew Line), Avro (p.194-197)

  2. International Reactions to the Cold War • In the West: • Western democracies were afraid of the spread of communism, so the USA pushed them towards the founding of a new alliance in 1949: • The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

  3. NATO • What was it like? • Any attack on a NATO member was considered an attack on all NATO members. • If conventional weapons were not sufficient for victory, tactical nuclear weapons would be used. • Total nuclear war would be used as a last resort. • The history of NATO - video timeline- 6 minutes

  4. 28 NATO MEMBER COUNTRIES TODAY (THE ORIGINAL 12) BELGIUM (1949) CANADA (1949) DENMARK (1949) FRANCE (1949) ICELAND (1949) ITALY (1949) LUXEMBOURG (1949) NETHERLANDS (1949) NORWAY (1949) PORTUGAL (1949) THE UNITED KINGDOM (1949) THE UNITED STATES (1949) GREECE (1952) TURKEY (1952) WEST GERMANY (1955) SPAIN (1982) CZECH REPUBLIC (1999) HUNGARY (1999) POLAND (1999) BULGARIA (2004) ESTONIA (2004) LATVIA (2004) LITHUANIA (2004) ROMANIA (2004) SLOVAKIA (2004) SLOVENIA (2004) ALBANIA (2009) CROATIA (2009) NATO - Ballistic Missile Defence Overview- 6 min video

  5. COLD WAR FROM A DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE

  6. NATO’s essential purpose is to safeguard the freedom and security of its members through political and military means. POLITICAL- NATO promotes democratic values and encourages consultation and cooperation on defence and security issues to build trust and, in the long run, prevent conflict. MILITARY- NATO is committed to the peaceful resolution of disputes. If diplomatic efforts fail, it has the military capacity needed to undertake crisis-management operations. These are carried out under Article 5 of the Washington Treaty - NATO’s founding treaty - or under a UN mandate, alone or in cooperation with other countries and international organizations.

  7. Canada has been a MEMBER of NATO since 1949. Canada was not only a member, but one of the FOUNDING COUNTRIES of the alliance. This was different from CANADA’S PRE-WAR ISOLATIONISM and was the FIRST PEACETIME ALLIANCE that Canada ever joined.

  8. NATO • Canada’s Role: • Canada kept an army brigade and several air squadrons in Europe(mainly in West Germany) • Canada built and supplied several military bases overseas. • The Canadian military tracked the movement of Soviet submarines in the Pacific Ocean. • Adapted our DEFENCE POLICY to those of its ALLIES

  9. Warsaw Pact- 1955 • 8 Member states of the Warsaw Pact: • Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany,Hungary, Poland, Romania, Soviet Union, Albania • USSR’s Response: • The USSR felt threatened by NATO and decided to create its own Communist alliance: The Warsaw Pact. • What was its purpose? • To protect the Communist countries from an attack by NATO.

  10. WARSAW PACT

  11. Consequences: • The Northern Hemisphere was divided in two: • The border between the two hostile camps became known as “The Iron Curtain”. (Movements of people and information from one side to the other was tightly restricted.) • Armies on both sides constantly practiced for war and built more powerful weapons. • It was hoped that this new arms race would lead to peace because it would create two situations: • Nuclear parity • MAD (mutually assured destruction)

  12. NORAD-1958 • North American Aerospace Defence Command (Norad) • Agreement between US and Canada (under PM Diefenbaker) to form a joint coordinated continental air defence against the threat of an attack by the SU. • Canadian and US fighter forces, missile bases, and air-defence radar were controlled from a command station at Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado, US (NORAD had a force of 1000 bombers ready at any time) • Canadian command post, under joint control, was at North Bay, Ontario (deep under tunnels)

  13. 3 RADAR STATIONS • TO PROTECT AGAINST SU ATTACK FROM THE AIR, THE US BUILT 3 LINES OF RADAR STATIONS ACROSS CANADA BETWEEN 1950-1957: • PINETREE LINE • MIDCANADA LINE • DISTANT EARLY WARNING LINE (DEW LINE) • These stations could detect a surprise Soviet attack over the North Pole, giving the US time to launch a counterattack. • These stations compromised CANADIAN SOVEREIGNTY as now the US stationed their military personnel in Canada!

  14. INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES • Missiles equipped with nuclear warheads that have a range of 5500 km. • When launched from the USSR they could reach North American cities in 30 minutes! • This made radar stations in Canada less effective.

  15. Technology Changes

  16. The Cold War in North America • In Quebec: • Premier Duplessis took many steps to fight the spread of Communism: • Police raided homes and businesses in search of revolutionary materials. • The “Padlock Law” was used to shut down suspected organizations and businesses. • Duplessis even blamed the Communists when a poorly constructed bridge collapsed in 1951.

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