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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. FUNCTION. TO CONTINUE THE HUMAN SPECIES. MEIOSIS. PROCESS THAT CREATES GAMETES GAMETES ARE SEX CELLS – SPERM AND EGG (OVA) 4 VIABLE SPERM ARE PRODUCED 1 OVA AND 3 POLAR BODIES ARE PRODUCED SEX CELLS ARE THE HAPLOID NUMBER (23 CHROMOSOMES). MALE REPRODUCTION.

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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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  1. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

  2. FUNCTION • TO CONTINUE THE HUMAN SPECIES

  3. MEIOSIS • PROCESS THAT CREATES GAMETES • GAMETES ARE SEX CELLS – SPERM AND EGG (OVA) • 4 VIABLE SPERM ARE PRODUCED • 1 OVA AND 3 POLAR BODIES ARE PRODUCED • SEX CELLS ARE THE HAPLOID NUMBER (23 CHROMOSOMES)

  4. MALE REPRODUCTION • SPERMATOGENESIS • SPERM PRODUCTION BEGINS AT PUBERTY • FSH – INITIATES SPERM PRODUCTION • LH - STIMULATES TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION IN THE TESTES • TESTOSTERONE – MATURES SPERM, CREATES 2o SEX CHARACTERISTICS, CLOSES EPIPHYSEAL DISCS

  5. TESTES – WHERE MEIOSIS TAKES PLACE • LOCATED IN THE SCROTUM • 96 DEGREES FOR VIABLE SPERM • IN FETUS, TESTES ARE LOCATED NEAR THE KIDNEYS • CRYPTORCHIDISM - UNDESCENDED TESTICLES • SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES – WHERE SPERMATOGENESIS TAKES PLACE

  6. SPERM • HEAD – CONTAINS THE 23 CHROMOSOMES • ACROSOME - TIP OF THE HEAD – CONTAINS ENZYMES TO DIGEST THE MEMBRANE OF THE EGG • MITOCHONDRIA – IN THE MIDDLE – PRODUCE ATP TO PROVIDE ENERGY TO THE FLAGELLUM • FLAGELLUM – FOR MOTILITY

  7. EPIDIDYMIS • 20 FT COILED TUBE ON THE POSTERIOR SURFACE OF EACH TESTE • MATURES THE SPERM AND THE FLAGELLUM BECOMES FUNCTIONAL

  8. VAS DEFERENS • AKA DUCTUS DEFERENS • EXTENDS FROM THE EPIDIDYMIS INTO THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY THROUGH THE INGUINAL CANAL • SECRETES AN ALKALINE FLUID TO PROMOTE SPERM MOBILITY • COMMON SITE FOR HERNIA

  9. EJACULATORY DUCTS (2) • RECEIVE SPERM AND SECRETIONS FROM THE VAS DEFERENS

  10. SEMINAL VESICLES (2) • POSTERIOR TO THE BLADDER • SECRETION CONTAINS FRUCTOSE TO PROVIDE ENERGY FOR THE SPERM

  11. PROSTATE GLAND • MUSCULAR GLAND JUST BELOW THE BLADDER • SURROUNDS THE FIRST INCH OF THE URETHRA AS IT EMERGES FROM THE BLADDER • SECRETES AN ALKALINE FLUID • CONTRACTS DURING EJACULATION

  12. COWPER’S GLANDS • AKA BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS • LOCATED BELOW THE PROSTATE AND EMPTY INTO THE URETHRA • SECRETE ALKALINE FLUIDS TO NEUTRALIZE ANY ACIDIC URINE

  13. URETHRA • CONTAINS 3 MASSES OF CAVERNOUS ERECTILE TISSUE • CONTAINS MUSCLE, CONNECTIVE TISSUE, AND BLOOD SINUSES • MINIMAL BLOOD FLOW VS. FILLED • EXIT FOR SEMEN AND URINE

  14. SEMEN • CONSISTS OF SPERM AND SECRETIONS OF SEMINAL VESICLES, PROSTATE AND COWPER’S GLANDS (pH 7.4) DID YOU KNOW… • APPROXIMATELY A MILLION SPERM ARE FORMED DAILY • 2-4 mL OF SEMEN ARE EXPELLED • EACH mL CONTAINS ABOUT 100 MILLION SPERM CELLS

  15. FEMALE REPRODUCTION • OOGENESIS • MEIOSIS I OCCURS DURING 7TH FETAL MONTH • MEIOSIS II BEGINS AT PUBERTY AND OCCURS EACH MONTH • OOGENESIS CONTINUES UNTIL MENOPAUSE (45-55 YEARS OLD) • MONTHLY CYCLE – EVERY 28 DAYS

  16. FEMALE REPRODUCTION • FSH – INITIATES THE GROWTH OF THE OVARIAN FOLLICLES THAT CONTAIN THE EGG GENERATING CELLS • FSH – STIMULATES FOLLICLE CELLS TO SECRETE ESTROGEN • ESTROGEN - MATURES OVA, CREATES 2o SEX CHARACTERISTICS, CLOSES EPIPHYSEAL DISCS • LH – CAUSES OVULATION

  17. OVARIES • A PAIR OF OVAL STRUCTURES ON THE LATERAL SIDES OF THE UTERUS IN THE PELVIC CAVITY • OVARIAN LIGAMENT AND BROAD LIGAMENT – KEEP THE OVARIES IN PLACE • CONTAINS THOUSANDS OF PRIMARY FOLLICES THAT ARE PRESENT AT BIRTH • ONLY ABOUT 300-400 FOLLICLES WILL PRODUCE MATURE OVA • EACH FOLLICLE CELL CONTAINS AN OOCYTE

  18. FALLOPIAN TUBES • AKA OVIDUCTS AKA UTERINE TUBES • APPROXIMATELY 4 INCHES LONG • LATERAL END ENCLOSES THE OVARY AND THE MEDIAL END OPENS TO THE UTERUS • FIMBRIAE – ON LATERAL END, PULLS THE OVUM INTO THE FALLOPIAN TUBE • CILIATED EPITHELIUM AND PERISTALTIC WAVES MOVE THE OVUM

  19. FERTILIZATION TAKES PLACE IN THE FALLOPIAN TUBE • IF EGG NOT FERTILIZED, IT DIES WITHIN 24-48 HOURS AND DISINTEGRATES • IF EGG IS FERTILIZED, IT BECOMES A ZYGOTE AND IT IS SWEPT IN TO THE UTERUS • THIS TAKES 4-5 DAYS • ECTOPIC PREGNANCY – ZYGOTE DOESN’T REACH THE UTERUS

  20. UTERUS • SUPERIOR TO THE BLADDER BETWEEN 2 OVARIES IN THE PELVIC CAVITY • ZYGOTE IMPLANTS IN TO THE WALL • PROGESTERONE ASSISTS IN MAINTAINING HEALTH OF THE PLACENTA • CERVIX – NARROW LOWER END THAT OPENS TO THE VAGINA

  21. LAYERS OF UTERUS • SEROSA AKA EPIMETRIUM – A FOLD OF THE PERITONEUM • MYOMETRIUM – MUSCULAR LAYER THAT INCREASES DURING PREGNANCY • ENDOMETRIUM – 2 LAYERS *BASILIAR LAYER – VASCULAR, PERMANENT LAYER *FUNCTIONAL – REGENERATED, IT IS LOST DURING EACH MENSTRUAL CYCLE • IN PREGNANCY, THE ENDOMETRIUM FORMS THE MATERNAL PORTION OF THE PLACENTA

  22. VAGINA • MUSCULAR TUBE FROM CERVIX TO THE OUTSIDE • POSTERIOR TO THE URETHRA AND ANTERIOR TO THE RECTUM • FUNCTIONS ARE FOR EXIT OF MENSTRUAL FLOW, SEX, BIRTH CANAL • MUCOUS • ACID ENVIRONMENT TO INHIBIT THE GROWTH OF PATHOGENS

  23. MAMMARY GLANDS • PRODUCE MILK • ALVEOLAR GLANDS PRODUCE MILK AFTER PREGNANCY • OXYTOCIN – CAUSES THE RELEASE OF MILK • PROLACTIN – CAUSES THE SYNTHESIS OF MILK AFTER PREGNANCY • PROGESTERONE – STIMULATES THE GROWTH OF THE SECRETORY GLAND

  24. IF A FEMALE OVULATES FROM AGE 12 TO AGE 47, 13 TIMES A YEAR AND A MALE PRODUCES 150 MILLION SPERM/DAY FROM AGE 15 UNTIL HIS DEATH AT AGE 75, HOW MANY WOULD BE PRODUCED ALTOGETHER?

  25. ANSWER 455 EGGS 3,285,000,000,000 SPERM IN A LIFETIME OR 54 BILLION, 750 MILLION PER YEAR

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