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LECTURE 2 ENERGY ABUNDANCE

LECTURE 2 ENERGY ABUNDANCE. Dr. Rostamkolai. ECE 371 Sustainable Energy Systems. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE. There has been a continuous quest for using readily available energy sources by humans The history of earth in terms of time and energy are summarized in the following tables.

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LECTURE 2 ENERGY ABUNDANCE

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  1. LECTURE 2ENERGY ABUNDANCE Dr. Rostamkolai ECE 371 Sustainable Energy Systems

  2. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE • There has been a continuous quest for using readily available energy sources by humans • The history of earth in terms of time and energy are summarized in the following tables

  3. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

  4. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

  5. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE • Growth in energy consumption with stages of human development is shown below (kWh/cap-day)

  6. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDUSTRIAL NATION • The degree of national industrialization of the world’s nations place them into the following three categories • Developed • Developing • Undeveloped

  7. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDUSTRIAL NATION • The key indicators that determine in which of these categories a nation belongs are • Energy resources • Affluence • Trends into the future • These are measurable

  8. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDUSTRIAL NATION • Technology makes it possible to process natural energy resources into a larger variety of forms suitable for various applications • One indicator of the degree of industrialization is the kind of energy used in the national economy • Highly industrialized nations use higher-specific-energy fuels

  9. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDUSTRIAL NATION • A second indicator is the amount of energy used measured in • kWh/Capita • kWh/$GDP • Again, highly industrialized nations consume more energy per Capita or $GDP

  10. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDUSTRIAL NATION

  11. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDUSTRIAL NATION • A third indicator is the efficiency of utilization of the energy supply • This indicator does not clearly show that the higher the degree of industrialization, the higher the efficiency of energy consumption • it is not as transparent as the other indicators

  12. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDUSTRIAL NATION • Affluence is measured by the standard of living • The indicators are • Economic growth ($GDP/Capita) • The degree of impact of nation’s affluence on other nations • The degree of impact on the global environment

  13. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDUSTRIAL NATION • Trends into the future include • Social aspects of disproportionate shares of energy utilization (kWh/Capita) • Types of fuel used (capital or income) • The choice between convenience and conservation by a nation’s population

  14. ENERGY & POWER • Energy (W) is defined as the capacity of doing work, and it is expressed in terms of • kWh • BTU • Calorie (Clement 1824, pre-SI) • ft-lb • J

  15. ENERGY & POWER • Power (P) is defined as the time rate of doing work (P =dW/dt), and is expressed in terms of • kW • HP • ft-lb/min • There are two types of energy resources • Primary – Nonrenewable • Secondary - Renewable

  16. CAPITAL & INCOME ENERGY RESOURCES • Primary energy resources are capital energy resources • Implying expenditure from a one-time estate without replenishment (use it and lose it) • Consists of fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), which require millions of years for geologic replacement • Also includes nuclear fuel (uranium), which are transformable but irreplaceable

  17. CAPITAL & INCOME ENERGY RESOURCES • Secondary energy resources are income energy resources • Implying expenditure of replenished resources without loss of capital • Include the potential for lunar energy • Consists of ocean tides • Also includes thermal, hydro, wind, and biomass • The quest for comfort and ease of energy utilization led to discovery of electricity, which is about 190 years old

  18. CAPITAL & INCOME ENERGY RESOURCES • The fuel mix in the U.S. from 1925 through 2000, compiled from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), is shown below (in %)

  19. GROWTH IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION • The energy consumption in the U.S. from 1900 to 2000 is shown below

  20. TRENDS IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION • The electric energy generation in U.S. from 1950 to 2000 is shown below

  21. ENERGY INTENSITY • The energy intensity for the U.S. and the world from 1990 to 2000 is shown below Quads = 1 x 1015 BTU BTU = 2.928 x 10-4 kWh

  22. ENERGY INTENSITY • The projection of energy intensities for the U.S. and the world from 2005 to 2050 is shown below

  23. ENERGY CONSUMPTION • The projection of energy consumption in the U.S. from 2000 to 2025 is shown below

  24. CONCLUSIONS • In conclusion • There has been a growth of energy consumption after the industrial revolution • Accelerated growth during this period resulted from technical advances by industrial nations • Usage of secondary energy resources were replaced by primary energy resources (change from income to capital resources)

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