UNIT 9: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (CHEMICAL COORDINATION)

1. UNIT 9: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (CHEMICAL COORDINATION) (MADER, 2010: CHAPTER 40 p. 736 – 752)

2. ENDOCRINE GLANDS • The nervous system and the endocrine system work together • To regulate the activities of the other systems in the body. • Both systems use chemical signals when they respond to changes. • But they have different means of delivering the signals

3. Differences between the CNS and the endocrine system

4. ENDOCRINE GLANDS • Endocrine system consist of different endocrine glands in the body. • Endocrine glands are ductless . • And produce and secrete hormones. • That are transported through the blood in the blood vessels of the body. • Towards a specific target organ where it has a specific function. • The target cells only respond to specific hormones secreted by specific endocrine glands. • If the cell can respond to the hormone, the hormone and the recepter proteins bind together as a key fits into a lock.

5. EXOCRINE GLANDS • Exocrine glands have ducts and secrete chemicals like enzymes into these ducts which takes it to the lumen of organs or to the outside of the body.

6. HORMONES (CHEMICAL SIGNALS) Hormones are biological chemical messengers that help cells, body parts and even individuals to communicate with one another. Most hormones are proteins, but the steroids are fats. Hormones can inhibit or stimulate a reaction. Hormones are temperature, pH and substrate sensitive and specific. (proteins).

7. ENDOCRINE GLANDS1. HYPOPHYSIS2. THYROID3. ADRENAL GLAND4. PINEAL GLAND5. PARATHYROID GLAND6. THYMUS7. PANCREAS8. GONADS

8. ENDOCRINE GLANDS

9. HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY GLAND • The hypothalamus controls the glandular secretions of the pituitary gland (hypophysis)

10. HYPOPHYSIS • Attached to a stalk onto the hypothalamus. • Consist of a posterior- and anterior pituitary. • Posterior- produce and secrete the following hormones: ADH and Oxytocin. • Anterior- produce and secete the following hormones: TSH, ACTH, prolactin, growth hormone, FSH and LH.

11. Posterior pituitary gland hormones: ADH and Oxytocin • ADH: Regulate the water reabsorption through the kidneys by changing the permeability of the renal tubules. • Oxytocin: Stimulates the uterus wall to contract during the process of giving birth and stimulates milk production during pregnancy.

12. How ADH functions

13. Anterior pituitary gland hormones: TSHACTHprolactingrowth hormoneFSHLH.

14. TSH (THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE) • Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxin. • Function by means of a negative feedback reaction.

15. ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) • Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoid that is released during stress.

16. PROLACTIN • Control milk production in females

17. Growth hormone • Promotes skeletal and muscular growth. • It stimulates the rate at which amino acids enter cells and protein synthesis occurs. • It promotes fat metabolism as opposed to glucose metabolism.

18. DISORDERS CAUSED BY THE UNDERSECRETION OF GROWTH HORMONE PITUITARY DWARFISM • When a too little GH has been produced during childhood. • Normal proportions but small stature. • Low blood pressure. • Can be rectified by injecting the child with growth hormone

19. DISORDERS CAUSED BY THE OVERSECRETION OF GROWTH HORMONE GIANTISM • If too much GH have been produced during childhood. • Excessive growth of muscles and bones. • Usually have diabetes. • Much taller than normal children/adults.

20. Disorder of GH : ACROMEGALY • Caused by overproduction of GH in adults. • Enlargement of bones in the face, fingers and toes as a person ages.

21. FEEDBACK MECHANISMS CAUSED BY HORMONE ACTION • NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM

22. FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH • Stimulates the gonads (testis and ovaries) to produce sex hormones and gametes.

23. THYROID GLAND STRUCTURE OF THYROID GLAND • Located in the neck around the trachea. • Red – high blood volume • 2 lobes connected by isthmus. • Uses Iodine to produce the hormone thyroxin • Thyroxin production is stimulated by TSHsecreted by the Hypophysis • Also secretes the hormone calcitonin

24. FUNCTIONS OF THYROXIN • Increase the metabolic rate of a person. • No specific target organ, they stimulate all cells of the body to metabolize at a faster rate. • Promotes the metabolism of glucose so that more energy is released.

25. DISORDERS OF THE THYROID GLAND SIMPLE GOITER CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM • Disorder caused by the lack of Iodine in the diet. • Without iodine the thyroid is unable to produce thyroxin and continued anterior pituitary stimulation causes the gland to enlarge. • Retarded growth during infancy. • Body is short and stocky with mental retardation

26. Disorder of Thyroid Gland: Exophthalmic goiter • This goiter is due to an overactive thyroid gland • The eyes of a person protrudes because of edema in the eye socket tissue • Person is hyperactive, nervous, irritable, suffers from insomnia. • Sweat excessively and is heat sensitive. • Enlarged thyroid can be surgically removed and treated with radioactive iodine.

27. FUNCTIONS OF CALCITONIN • Regulates the Calcium level in the blood. • Calcitonin brings about the deposit of calcium in the bones when the level of calcium in the blood is too high. • When the blood calcium level lowers to normal, the release of calcitonin by the thyroid is inhibited. • This lower level of calcium in the blood, stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands.

28. PARATHYROID GLAND • 4 parathyroid glands are located on the thyroid. • Secretes the hormone: Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) • PTH corrects a low blood calcium level • PTH promotes the release of calcium by the bones • PTH promotes the reabsorption of calcium from the kidneys • PTH brings about the activation of Vitamin D.

29. DISORDERS OF THE PARATHYROID GLAND TETANY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM • Insufficient PTH secreted. • Dramatic drop in blood calcium levels. • The body shakes from continuous muscle contraction • The blood calcium level becomes abnormally high. • Bones become soft and fragile. • Person irritable and prone to get kidney stones

30. CALCITONIN AND PTH – ANTAGONISTIC HORMONES • These 2 hormones (Calcitonin and PTH) are antagonistic. • Both hormones work together regulate the blood calcium level. • When the blood calcium level is high – the thyroid gland secretes calcitonin. • When the blood calcium level is low – the parathyroid gland releases PTH

31. ADRENAL GLAND STRUCTURE • Located ontop of the kidneys. • Consist of an inner part the adrenal medulla and and outer part called the adrenal cortex. • The adrenal medulla secretes 2 hormones: adrenalin and nor-adrenalin.

32. FUNCTIONS OF ADRENALIN AND NOR-ADRENALIN ADRENALIN and NOR-ADRENALIN • Brings about all the bodily changes that occur when an individual reacts to an emergency situation. • Effect of this hormone is short term. • Released during fright, anxiousness and anger. • Increase heart rate. • Increase blood flow and blood pressure. • Muscles absorb glucose for energy to react. • More blood (oxygen) to brain. • Actions of the digestive system inhibited. • Pupils dilate to observe clearly

33. MALFUNCTION OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX ADDISON DISEASE CUSHING SYNDROME • Bronzing of the skin • Excess amount of ACTH. • This lead to a buildup of melanin. • Excess cortisolin blood • Sub-cutaneous fat deposits.

34. PANCREAS • The pancreas consist of exocrine tissue with ducts that produce and release digestive juice (pancreatic sap) into the duodenum, and endocrine tissue without ducts that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. • The endocrine tissue is know as the Islets of Langerhansand it secretes two hormones: Insulin and glucagon (antagonistic hormones).

35. FUNCTIONS OF INSULIN IN THE PANCREAS • If blood sugar (glucose) level is high. • Insulin is secreted. • Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose by the cells (liver, muscle and adipose) • In the liver and muscles it is stored as glycogen. • Muscle cells break it down for energy. • Fat cells convert it to glycerol for the forming of fat. • Therefore insulin lowers the blood sugar level.

36. FUNCTIONS OF GLUCAGON • When the blood sugar level is low. • Glucagon is secreted into the blood. • Glucagon stimulates the liver cells to convert glycogen into glucose for energy production. • Therefore glucagon raises the blood sugar level.

37. DIABETES MELLITUS • Type 1 Diabetes: • Pancreas is not producing insulin • Islets of Langerhans damaged. • Glucose accumulate in blood. • Coma results if not treated with insulin injections. • Treatment of Diabetes: • Self study

38. TESTIS AND OVARIES HORMONES PRODUCED BY THE TESTIS HORMONES PRODUCED BY THE OVARIES • Testis produce testosterone (male sex hormone) • Stimulates the formation of male traits during puberty • Stimulates oil and sweat glands. • Stimulates hairloss (baldness) • Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone (female sex hormones) • Estrogen stimulates growth of the uterus and vagina during puberty and secondary sexual female traits. • Stimulate egg production and preparation of the uterus for pregnancy. • Progesterone prepare the uterus wall for possible implantation of an embryo.

39. Effects of testosterone on males Effects of estrogen and progesterone in females