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HORMONES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

HORMONES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. HORMONES OF THE PITUITARY. NEUROHYPOPHYSIS--POSTERIOR PITUITARY ADENOHYPOPHYSIS--ANTERIOR PITUITARY. HORMONES OF THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. STORES AND SECRETES NEUROHORMONES PRODUCED BY HYPOTHALAMUS ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE OXYTOCIN. ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE. ADH

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HORMONES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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  1. HORMONES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

  2. HORMONES OF THE PITUITARY • NEUROHYPOPHYSIS--POSTERIOR PITUITARY • ADENOHYPOPHYSIS--ANTERIOR PITUITARY

  3. HORMONES OF THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS • STORES AND SECRETES NEUROHORMONES PRODUCED BY HYPOTHALAMUS • ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE • OXYTOCIN

  4. ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE • ADH • VASOPRESSIN • PREVENTS DIURESIS (LOSS OF URINE) • CONSTRICTS ARTERIOLES AND RAISES BLOOD PRESSURE • SYNTHESIZED IN SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEI OF HYPOTHALAMUS • CARRIED IN HYPOTHALAMOHYPOPYSEAL TRACT • STORED IN AXON TERMINALS IN PITUITARY

  5. ANTIDIURETIC EFFECT • AFFERENT VAGAL NERVES • DROP IN PRESSURE STIMULATES ADH SECRETION • INCREASE IN PRESSURE INHIBITS SECRETION

  6. FACTORS THAT INCREASE ADH SECRETION • EMOTIONAL STRESS • PHYSICAL STRESS • BLOOD VOLUME • INCREASED PLASMA OSMOTIC PRESSURE • DECREASED EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME • STRENUOUS EXERCISE • NICOTINE AND BARBITUATES

  7. FACTORS THAT DECREASE ADH SECRETION • DROP IN PLASMA OSMOTIC PRESSURE • INCREASED EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME • ALCOHOL

  8. DIABETES INSIPIDUS • POLYURIA • POLYDYPSIA • LOSS OF ADH RELEASE • IMPAIRED WATER CONSERVATION • EXCESSIVE WATER LOSS IN URINE

  9. OXYTOCIN • WOMEN • MEN

  10. OXYTOCIN IN WOMEN • STIMULATES SMOOTH MUSCLE IN UTERUS • PROMOTES LABOR AND DELIVER • STIMULATES MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS OF MAMMARY GLANDS

  11. OTHER SOURCES OF OXYTOCIN • FETUS • UTERUS

  12. NEUROENDOCRINE REFLEXES CONTROL

  13. OXYTOCIN IN MALES • UNCERTAIN • STIMULATES SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS IN DUCTUS DEFERENS AND PROSTATE

  14. OXYTOCIN AND SEX • AROUSAL AND ORGASM • EMISSION • CONTRACTIONS THAT PROMOTE SPERM TRANSPORT

  15. ADENOHYPOPHYSEAL HORMONES TSH ACTH FSH LH PRL GH MSH LIPOTROPIN RELEASING AND INHIBITING HORMONES FROM THE HYPOTHALAMUS TRH CRH GnRH GnIH PRH/PIH GH-RH/SOMATOSTATIN HORMONES OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS & ADENOHYPOPHYSIS

  16. THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE • THYROTROPIN • RELEASE REGULATED BY THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (TRH) • TARGET CELLS IN THYROID • TRIGGERS RELEASE OF THYROID HORMONE

  17. ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE • DERIVED FROM PROOPIMELANOCORTIN • INCREASES SECRETION OF ADRENAL HORMONES • BINDS TO MELANOCYTES AND INCREASE PIGMENTATION OF SKIN

  18. OTHER SUBSTANCES DERIVED FROM PROOPIMELANOCORTIN • LIPOTROPINS • BETA ENDORPHINS • MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE

  19. LIPOTROPINS • SECRETED FROM SAME CELLS AS ACTH • BIND TO MEMBRANE RECEPTORS OF ADIPOSE CELLS • CAUSE FAT BREAKDOWN & RELEASE OF FATTY ACIDS INTO CIRCULATION

  20. BETA ENDORPHINS • SAME EFFECT AS OPIATES • IMPORTANT FOR ANALGESIA IN RESPONSE TO STRESS AND EXERCISE • MAY BE INVOLVED IN BODY TEMPERATURE FOOD INTAKE WATER BALANCE • STRESS INCREASES SECRETION ALONG WITH ACTH

  21. MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE • BINDS TO MELANOCYTES • STIMULATES DEPOSITION OF MELANIN • NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD IN HUMANS • IMPORTANT REGULATOR IN OTHER VERTEBRATES • PRODUCED IN PARS INTERMEDIA IN HUMANS PARS INTERMEDIA MERGES WITH PARS DISTALIS

  22. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE AND ACTH • MSH IS SECRETED ALONG WITH ACTH • USUALLY NOT IN QUANTITIES LARGE ENOUGH TO HAVE A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT • MAY BE SIGNIFICANT IN ADDISON’S DISEASE

  23. GONADOTROPINS

  24. HORMONES PROMOTE GROWTH AND FUNCTION OF GONADS LUTEINIZING HORMONE FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE GONADOTROPINS

  25. PROLACTIN IN FEMALES • STIMULATES THE DEVELOPMENT OF DUCT SYSTEM IN MAMMARY GLANDS WITH OTHER HORMONES • STIMULATES MILK PRODUCTION • USUALLY INHIBITED BY PROLACTIN INHIBITING HORMONE • STIMULATED BY PROLACTIN RELEASING HORMONE

  26. PROLACTIN IN MALES • MAKES INTERSTITIAL CELLS MORE RESPONSIVE TO LUTEINIZING HORMONE

  27. GROWTH HORMONE • SECRETION STIMULATED BY GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE • SECRETION INHIBITED BY GROWTH HORMONE INHIBITING HORMONE/SOMATOSTATIN

  28. GROWTH HORMONE • STIMULATES GROWTH OF CARTILAGE AND BONE • INDIRECT EFFECTS • DIRECT EFFECTS

  29. INDIRECT EFFECTS • SOMATOMEDINS /INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTORS • PEPTIDE HORMONES • BIND TO MEMBRANE RECEPTORS • SKELETAL MUSCLE, CARTILAGE AND OTHER TARGET CELLS

  30. DIRECT EFFECTS • STIMULATES STEM CELL DIVISION AND GROWTH OF DAUGHTER CELLS

  31. EFFECTS OF GROWTH HORMONE ON METABOLISM • INCREASED PROTEIN SYTHESIS • INCREASED MOBILIZATION OF FATTY ACIDS FROM ADIPOSE TISSUE • INCREASED USE OF FATTY ACIDS FOR ENERGY • DECREASED USE OF GLUCOSE THROUGHOUT BODY • SPARING GLUCOSE FOR THE BRAIN

  32. EFFECTS OF GROWTH HORMONE ON PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • AMINO ACID TRANSPORT AT THE CELL • PROTEIN SYNTHESIS BY RIBOSOMES • INCREASED LEVELS OF RNA • DECREASED CATABOLISM OF PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS

  33. AMINO ACID TRANSPORT AT THE CELL • ENHANCES TRANPORT OF AMINO ACIDS • WORKS WITH INSULIN • INCREASED AMINO ACID LEVELS LEAD TO INCREASED PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

  34. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS BY RIBOSOMES • DIRECT EFFECT ON RIBOSOMES

  35. INCREASED LEVELS OF RNA • INCREASES TRANSCRIPTION RATE • OVER TIME INCREASES LEVELS OF RNA • INCREASED RNA MEANS INCREASED PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

  36. DECREASED CATABOLISM OF PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS • DECREASE IN BREAKDOWN OF PROTEINS TO AMINO ACIDS • DECREASE OF USE OF AMINO ACIDS FOR ENERGY SOURCE • MAY BE DUE TO MOBILIZATION OF FATTY ACIDS SPARING PROTEIN

  37. EFFECTS OF GROWTH HORMONE ON FAT METABOLISM • CAUSE LIPOLYSIS AND THE RELEASE OF FATTY ACIDS INTO BODY FLUIDS AND CIRUCLATION • ENHANCES CONVERSION OF FATTY ACIDS TO ACETYL CO A • INCREASES USE OF ACETYL CO A FOR ENERGY • FAT METABOLISM FAVORED OVER CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN METABOLISM

  38. GROWTH HORMONE STIMULATES FATTY ACID METABOLISM SPARES GLUCOSE AND AMINO ACIDS

  39. EFFECTS OF GROWTH HORMONE ON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM • DECREASES USE OF GLUCOSE FOR ENERGY • ENHANCES GLYGOGENESIS • DIMINISHES GLUCOSE UPTAKE BY CELLS

  40. DECREASED USE OF GLUCOSE FOR ENERGY • PERHAPS DUE TO INCREASED MOBILIZATION AND UTILIZATION OF FATS

  41. ENHANCES GLYCOGENOGENESIS • GLUCOSE WILL BE STORED AS GLYCOGEN • RESERVES RAPIDLY FILL UP

  42. DIMINISHED GLUCOSE UPTAKE BY CELLS • INITIAL INCREASED GLUCOSE UPTAKE • UNTIL GLYCOGEN RESERVE IS FILLED • THEN UPTAKE DIMINISHES • GREATLY INCREASED BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS

  43. SECRETION OF GROWTH HORMONE • 3 NANOGRAMS IN ADULT • 5 NANOGRAMS IN CHILD • REGULATED BY GH-RH AND SOMATOSTATIN

  44. FEEDBACK CONTROL OF GROWTH HORMONE SECRETION

  45. HORMONES OF THE THYROID GLAND THYROID HORMONE AND CALCITONIN

  46. THYROID HORMONE • THYROXINE (T4 ) • TRIIODOTHRYONINE (T3 )

  47. IMPORTANCE OF THYROGLOBULIN • GLYCOPROTEIN • CONTAINS 140 TYROSINE AMINO ACIDS • SUBSTRATE IODINE BINDS WITH • HORMONES FORM WITHIN THYROGLOBULIN MOLECULE

  48. IMPORTANCE OF IODINE • USED ONLY TO MAKE THYROID HORMONES • STORED IN THYROID • IDODIDE PUMP TRAPS IODIDE

  49. THE WEDDING OF THYROGLOBULIN AND IODIDE IONS • OCCURS AT THE COLLOID-CELL INTERFACE AS THYROGLOBULIN IS SECRETED

  50. MIT AND DIT • MONOIODTYROSINE • DIIODOTYROSINE • THYROXINE • TRIIODOTHRYRONINE

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