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Urban Unit. Terms, Theories and Models. Multiplier Effects. The phenomenon whereby when a job is created in one sector of the economy, it leads to the creation of jobs in other economic sectors ;
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Urban Unit Terms, Theories and Models
Multiplier Effects • The phenomenon whereby when a job is created in one sector of the economy, it leads to the creation of jobs in other economic sectors; • New staff money spent in nearby establishments (bars, stores, churches, real estate offices, etc.) • Creating jobs in those places • Taxes that support road workers, assessors, county clerks, police departments, etc. • Multiplier effects are important for local and regional economies.
How are Cities Organized, and How do they Function? Key Question:
Urban Morphology The layout of a city, its physical form and structure. Berlin, Germany With wall (above) And without wall (right) What does the urban morphology of the city tell us about the city?
Functional Zonation The division of the city into certain regions (zones) for certain purposes (functions). Cairo, Egypt Central city (above) Housing projects (right) What does the functional zonation of the city tell us about the city?
Zones of the City • Central business district (CBD) • Central City (the CBD + older housing zones) • Suburb (outlying, functionally uniform zone outside of the central city)
Megalopolis & Conurbations • Megalopolis – large coalescing supercities that are forming in diverse parts of the world (like Boston to Washington, DC) • Conurbation – a continuous, extended urban area formed by the growing together of several formerly separate, expanding cities (like Raleigh to Atlanta)
Modeling the North American City • Concentric zone model (Ernest Burgess) • Sector model (Homer Hoyt) • Multiple Nuclei Model (Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman)
Created by E.W. Burgess in 1925 Developed in rings – reflecting waves of immigrants used Chicago as his model Most European cities developed this way (pre-auto) Concentric Zone Model
Created by Homer Hoyt in 1939 Wedges break out – not purely concentric Focused on residential patterns explaining where the wealthy chose to live Sector Model
Created by C.D. Harris & E.L. Ullman in 1945 The CBD was losing dominance Multiple Nuclei Model
Tysons Corners, Virginia Edge Citiesaka Galactic cities Suburban downtowns, often located near key freeway intersections, often with: - office complexes - shopping centers - hotels - restaurants - entertainment facilities - sports complexes Tysons Corners, Virginia
Urban Realms Model Each realm is a separate economic, social and political entity that is linked together to form a larger metro framework.
Modeling the Cities of the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery • Latin American City (Griffin-Ford model) • African City (de Blij model) • Southeast Asian City (McGee model)
Latin American City (Griffin-Ford model) Plazas, favelas, public transportation
Disamenity sector –very poorest parts of the city eg. the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
How do People Make Cities? Key Question:
Powerful social and cultural forces shape the character of a city and create the cultural landscape of the city.
Making Cities in the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery Sharp contrast between rich and poor - Often lack zoning laws or enforcement of zoning laws
Making Cities in the Global Core • Redlining – financial institutions refusing to lend money in certain neighborhoods. • Blockbusting – realtors purposefully sell a home at a low price to an African American and then solicit white residents to sell their homes and low prices, to generate “white flight.” St. Louis Housing Project, 1971
Making Cities in the Global Core • Gentrification – individuals buy up and rehabilitate houses, raising the housing value in the neighborhood and changing the neighborhood. • Commercialization – recreation of a past that never really occurred.
DC—decaying inner cities Is this house ripe for gentrification?
Chicago The problem is everywhere
Tear-downs – houses that new owners buy with the intention of tearing it down to build a much larger home.McMansions – large homes, often built to the outer limits of the lot. They are called McMansions because of their super size and their similar look. Hinsdale, Illinois (25% of houses have been torn down in last 20 years).
Middle income area, Reston, Virginia – census tract data for this area would reveal a city income level, education, and family information.
Urban Sprawl Unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning. Henderson, Nevada
Houses built on landfill Land is scarce and therefore is probably ___________? Treasure Island, Florida
New Urbanism • Development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs. • Some are concerned over privatization of public spaces • Some are concerned that they do nothing to break down the social conditions that create social ills of the cities • Some believe they work against urban sprawl
Gated Communities Who are gated communities for? How do the goals/purposes of gated communities differ across the world?
Ethnic Neighborhoods • European City • eg. Muslim neighborhoods in Paris • Cities of the Periphery and Semiperiphery • eg. Mumbai, India
What Role do Cities Play in Globalization? Key Question:
World Cities Cities that function at the global scale, beyond the reach of the state borders, functioning as the service centers of the world economy.
