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Booklet to help with unit 28

Booklet to help with unit 28. P1 P2 M1. Arenes. These are compounds that contain benzene The molecular formula of benzene is C 6 H 6 so its empirical formula is CH. The structure of benzene. How to represent benzene. or. When benzene contains substituents .

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Booklet to help with unit 28

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  1. Booklet to help with unit 28 P1 P2 M1

  2. Arenes • These are compounds that contain benzene • The molecular formula of benzene is C6H6so its empirical formula is CH The structure of benzene How to represent benzene or

  3. When benzene contains substituents The carbon atoms in benzene are numbered 1 to 6 clockwise Chloro-4-methyl benzene 1,2 dichloro-benzene Chloro benzene

  4. Phenol • This is a benzene ring containing OH as a substituent • Other groups can also replace a hydrogen in phenol: 2-bromo phenol

  5. Task 1: Name the molecules below 4. 5. 1. 2. 3.

  6. Comparing boiling points of different alkanes • Boiling point of methane: 109.1K • Boiling point of octane: 398.8K Boiling point increases from methane to octane Boiling point increases as the size of the carbon chain increases This is because increasing the carbon chain increases van der Waals

  7. Comparing boiling points of alkanes and alkenes • Boiling point of ethane: 184.5K • Boiling point of ethene: 169K Boiling point decreases from ethane to ethene. Alkanes have higher boiling points than alkenes. Alkanes have more electrons (with additional 2 hydrogen atoms) compared to an alkene with the same number of carbon atoms, thus alkanes have higher boiling points

  8. Free radical substitution Alkanesare substituted by halogens, such as chlorine and bromine CH4 + Cl2 CH3CI + HCl • This reaction only takes place in the presence of ultraviolet radiation, which produces highly reactive free radicals - free-radical substitution.

  9. Electrophilic addition reactions to alkenes • Alkenes participate in electrophilic addition reactions of water, halogens and hydrogen halides 1,2 DIBROMOETHANE H2O / heat

  10. Sulfonation (reacting with sulfuric acid) • Addition of sulfuric acid to alkenes • Substitution with sulfuric acid to benzene Benzene Sulfuric acid Benzene sulfonic acid

  11. Polymerisation • Polymerisation uses alkenes as monomers to make polymers • A polymer is a long-chain molecule made by joining together many small molecules called monomers:

  12. Hydration • Alkenes are hydrated with water to form an alcohol

  13. Nitration • In nitration, Benzene reacts with concentrated nitric acid

  14. Task 2: Answer the questions below • Describe how boiling point changes between methane and octane • Compare the boiling points between ethane and ethane

  15. Task 3: complete the table below

  16. Task 4: complete the table below

  17. Structure of different molecules Methane Propane Octane ethene Propene Octene Phenol

  18. Task 5: Answer the questions below about drawing out organic molecules 1) Methane

  19. 2) Propane

  20. 3) Octane

  21. 4) Ethene

  22. 5) Propene

  23. 6) Octene

  24. 7) phenol

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