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CHAPTER 15

CHAPTER 15. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. www.sirinet.net. Information. 7,000L/day Beats 2.5 billion times/ lifetime Cardiovascular system. HEART. SIZE: 14cm X 9cm. HEART LOCATION. www.cayuga-cc.edu. HEART LOCATION. en.wikipedia.org. PULMONARY CIRCUIT. invest-trial.org. SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT.

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CHAPTER 15

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  1. CHAPTER 15 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM www.sirinet.net

  2. Information 7,000L/day Beats 2.5 billion times/ lifetime Cardiovascular system

  3. HEART SIZE: 14cm X 9cm

  4. HEART LOCATION www.cayuga-cc.edu

  5. HEART LOCATION en.wikipedia.org

  6. PULMONARY CIRCUIT invest-trial.org

  7. SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT http://classes.midlandstech.com/carterp/Courses/bio211/chap18/Slide7.jpg

  8. PERICARDIUM en.wikipedia.org

  9. PERICARDIUM www.cayuga-cc.edu

  10. PERICARDIUM www.cayuga-cc.edu

  11. PERICARDIUM • FIBROUS PERICARDIUM • OUTER; TOUGH; DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE; FOR PROTECTION; • PARIETAL PERICARDIUM • INNER LINING OF FIBROUS PERICARDIUM • VISCERAL PERICARDIUM • COVERS THE HEART • PARICARDIAL CAVITY • FILLED WITH FLUID?

  12. PERICARDIUM www.cayuga-cc.edu

  13. HEART WALL • EPICARDIUM • THE VISCERAL PERICARDIUM • PROTECTS HEART (REDUCES FRICTION) • CONNECTIVE TISSUE COVERED BY EPITHELIAL TISSUE; CAPILLARIES AND NERVES; MAY HAVE FAT • MYOCARDIUM • MIDDLE LAYER • CARDIAC MUSCLE; MUSLCE FIBERS SEPARATED BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE; HAS BLOOD VESSELS; LYMPH VESSELS AND NERVES • ENDOCARDIUM • CONNECTIVE TISSUE COVERED BY EPITHELIAL TISSUE; ; BLOOD VESSELS; PERKINJIE FIBERS; • LINES HEART CHAMBERS AND STRUCTURES

  14. PERICARDIUM en.wikipedia.org

  15. HEART en.wikipedia.org

  16. MYOCARDIUM radiology.uchc.edu

  17. INTERNAL HEART CHAMBERS en.wikipedia.org

  18. PARTS • ATRIA HAVE AURICLES • ATRIOVENTRICULAR ORIFICE HAS A-V VALVE • ATRIOVENTRICULAR SULCHUS • INTERVENTRICULAR SULCHUS • TRICUSPID VALVE • RIGHT SIDE • BICUSPID VALVE/MITRAL VALVE • LEFT SIDE • CHORDAE TENDONAE • PAPILLARY MUSCLES • SEMI LUNAR VALVES

  19. www.pbs.org

  20. SKELETON OF HEART DENSE CONECTIVE TISSUE RINGS FROM AORTA AND PULMONARY TRUNK THROUGH HEART DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE IN SEPTUM VALVE ATTACHMENTS; MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS; KEEP ORIFICES FROM EXPANDING

  21. BLOOD FLOW www.pbs.org

  22. BLOOD SUPPLY TO HEART CORONARY ARTERIES OFF AORTA BRANCHES TRAVEL ALONG ATRIOVENTRICULAR SULCHUS, POSTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR SULCHUS AND ANTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR SULCHUS MANY CAPLILLARIES TO MYOCARDIUM ANASTOMOSES BETWEEN SMALL ARTERIOLS PROVIDE ALTERNATE BLOOD FLOW ?

  23. HEART ACTIONS ATRIA CONTRACT = ATRIAL SYSTOLE AS VENTRICLES RELAX = VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE THEN: VENTRICLES CONTRACT = VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE AND ATRIA RELAX = ATRIAL DIASTOLE = CARDIAC CYCLE

  24. HEART SOUNDS LUBB= AV VALVES CLOSING DUBB= SEMILUNAR VALVES CLOSING HEART MURMUR

  25. CARDIAC MUSCLE www.siumed.edu

  26. CARDIAC MUSCLE FIBERS • INTERCALATED DISC/3D/INTERWOVEN • FUNCTIONAL SYNCYTIUM • ATRIAL SYNCYTIUM • VENTRICULAR SYNCYTIUM

  27. HEART CONTRACTION • SPECIALIZED MYOFIBRILS FOR SENDING CARDIAC IMPULSES • SA NODE: PACEMAKER • BENEATH EPICARDIUM OF RT ATRIUM NEAR SUPERIOR VENA CAVA • REACH THRESHOLD SPONTANEOUSLY AND BY SELF • INCREASED PERMEABILITY TO SODIUM AND CALCIUM AND DECREASED PERMEABILITY TO POTASSIUM • RHYTHMIC: 80 IMPULSES/MINUTE; PARASYMPATHETIC INHIBITS CONTRACTIONS TO ~70/MINUTE

  28. SA NODE /hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

  29. INTERNODAL ATRIAL MUSCLE FIBERS CONDUCT IMPULSES TO DISTANT REGIONS OF ATRIA GAP JUNCTIONS ALLOW IMPULSE TO SPREAD THROUGH MYOCARDIUM BOTH ATRIA CONTRACT ATRIA AND VENTRICLES SEPARATED BY FIBROUS SKELETON OF HEART ONLY CONDUCTION TO VENTRICLES IS THROUGH JUNCTIONAL FIBERS

  30. JUNCTIONAL FIBERS TO AV NODE • INFERIOR PART OF SEPTUM UNDER ENDOCARDIUM • ONLY CONNECTION BETWEEN ATRIA AND VENTRICLES • JUNCTIONAL FIBERS HAVE SMALL DIAMETERS: SPEED? IMPORTANCE? • IMPULSE TO AV BUNDLE/BUNDLE OF HIS • LARGE FIBERS • BUNDLE ENTERS INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM; BRANCHES TO BOTH SIDES TO LARGE PURKINJE FIBERS

  31. BUNDLE OF HIS radiology.uchc.edu

  32. HEART ELECTRICAL PHENOMENA /hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

  33. PERKINJIE FIBERS www.siumed.edu

  34. PURKINJE FIBERS CARRY IMPULSE THROUGH VENTRICLES FASTER THAN CELL TO CELL CONDUCTION: WHY NOT IN ATRIA? MUSCLES ARANGED IN WHORLS SO CONTRACT IN TWISTING MOTION FIBERS GO TO APEX FIRST SO APEX CONTRACTS FIRST MOVING BLOOD UP WHERE ARE THE PULMONARY ARTERY AND AORTIC OPENINGS? WHY?

  35. ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ELECTRICAL CHANGES IN MUSCLE P WAVE: SA NODE TRIGGERS IMPULSE FOR ATRIAL CONTRACTION QRS WAVES: DEPOLARIZATION OF VENTRICLES BEFORE CONTRACTION; THICKER SO MORE CHANGE T WAVE: VENTRICLE REPOLARIZATION INDICATES PROBLEMS WITH HEART PQ INTERVAL: SA NODE THROUGH AV NODE

  36. HEART CONTRACTION hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

  37. REGULATION OF CARDIAC CYCLE • CONTROLLED BY PARASYMPATHETIC AND SYMPATHETIC NS EFFECTS? • PARASYMPATHETIC SEND VIA VAGUS NERVES CONTINUALLY WHICH RELEASE ACETYLCHOLINE TO SA AND AV NODE TO BRAKE HEART ACTION • SYMPATHETIC SEND VIA VAGUS NERVES OCCAISIONALLY TO SA AND AV NODE RELEASE EPINEPHRINE TO INCREASE CONTRACTIONS • CONTROL BY BOTH ORIGINATES IN MEDULLA OBLONGATA • HAS CARDIOINHIBITOR AND CARDIOACCELERATOR REFLEX CENTERS • RECEIVE INFO FROM CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

  38. BLOOD PRESSURE EFFECT • BARORECEPTORS OF AORTA AND CAROTID ARTERIES DETECT BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGES • HIGHER PRESSURE STIMULATES IMPULSE TO CARDIOINHIBITOR REFLEX CENTER AND PARASYMPATHETIC NS DECREASES HEART RATE • STRETCH RECEPTORS OF VENA CAVA DETECT HIGH PRESSURE • SEND IMPULSE TO CARDIOACCELERATOR REFLEX CENTER AND SYMPATHETIC NS STIMULATES HEART

  39. OTHER CONTROLS • CEREBRUM AND HYPOTHALAMUS CAN INCREASE OR DECREASE IT • TEMPERATURE: • HIGHER INCREASES IT • LOWER DECREASES IT • SURGERY?

  40. IONS • MOST IMPORTANT: K+ Ca++ • K: • HIGH: DECREASES RATE & FORCE, MAY BLOCK CONDUCTION (CARDIAC ARREST) • LOW: ARRHYTHMIA • Ca: • HOW DOES SA DIFFER FROM SKELETAL MUSCLE? • SO WHERE DOES Ca COME FROM? • HIGH: INCREASES CONTRACTION; TETANIC • LOW: SLOWS HEART CONTRACTION

  41. BLOOD VESSELS • TYPES: • ARTERIES; ARTERIOLES; CAPPILLARIES; VENULES; VEINS • DIRECTIONS? • FUNCTION?

  42. ARTERIAL & VENOUS PATHWAYS www.accessexcellence.org

  43. ARTERY & VEIN ANATOMY www.accessexcellence.org

  44. ARTERY www.cayuga-cc.edu

  45. ENDOTHELIUM • SMOOTH SURFACE ? • ALSO RELEASE ? • RELEASE CHEMICALS TO DILATE OR CONSTRICT BLOOD FLOW • NITRIC OXIDE

  46. TUNICA MEDIA ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE ?

  47. TUNICA ADVENTIA/EXTERNA ATTACHES TO TISSUE VASO VASORUM ?

  48. REGULATION OF DIAMETER SYMPATHETIC NS  VASOMOTOR FIBERS  STIMULATE SMOOTH MUSCLE TO CONTRACT: VASOCONSTRICTION INHIBITED: VASODILATION

  49. BLOOD FLOW ARTERIES  ARTERIOLES  METARTERIOLES  CAPILLARIES ARTERIOVENOUS SHUNTS

  50. ARTERIOLE www.siumed.edu

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