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Status of the GCOM mission and the important role of scatterometer

Status of the GCOM mission and the important role of scatterometer. Haruhisa Shimoda 1, 2 , Keiji Imaoka 1 , and Akira Shibata 1 1 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency 2 Tokay University Research and Information Center Satellite Measurements of Ocean Vector Winds:

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Status of the GCOM mission and the important role of scatterometer

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  1. Status of the GCOM mission and the important role of scatterometer Haruhisa Shimoda1, 2, Keiji Imaoka1, and Akira Shibata1 1 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency 2 Tokay University Research and Information Center Satellite Measurements of Ocean Vector Winds: Present Capabilities and Future Trends Miami, FL February 7-9, 2005

  2. Overview • After the Midori-II loss on October 2003, JAXA and science teams have been discussing desired follow-up activity of Midori-II. • Global Change Observation Mission (GCOM) is being proposed to contribute climate change portion of the GEOSS framework. • Combination of AMSR and SeaWinds-type scatterometer is highly desired for GCOM-W. • JAXA is proposing NASA to provide scatterometer for GCOM-W satellite.

  3. 2002 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 ～ JFY ALOS 【Optical Sensor】 Disaster Monitoring And Resource Management MOS-1,ADEOS (87~95) (96~97) 【Optical & SAR】 JERS-1 Geo-Stationary Earth Observation Mission (92~98) Disaster Monitoring Constellation Mission Global Warming And Global Water Cycle Observation 【Precipitation Radar】 GPM / DPR TRMM / PR TRMM/PR (97~) 【Microwave Sensor】 ADEOS-II / AMSR Water Cycle Observation MOS-1 (87~95) Aqua / AMSR-E 【Sea Surface Wind Vector, SST】 GCOM-W/ AMSR 【Cloud, Aerosol, Vegetation】 GCOM-C/ SGLI 【Optical Sensor】 Climate Change Observation MOS-1, ADEOS ADEOS-II / GLI (87~95) (96~97) 【Cloud, Aerosol】 EarthCARE / CPR 【Cloud Radar】 【Spectrometer】 GOSAT Greenhouse Gas Observation ADEOS/ILAS ADEOS-II / ILAS-II (96~97) CO2 【 】 Planned Project Legend Symbol Approved Project After Operation Period Note: This chart includes NOT authorized plan

  4. SAR/disaster Monitoring satellites With NASA With NASA GCOM-W GCOM-C DPR/GPM CPR/EarthCARE 1330 With ESA Optical Sensor/ Geo-stationary EO satellite GOSAT To develop advanced low Earth orbit satellites →to aim cutting edge system and mutual complementary system to the operational system such as WWW, NPOESS To develop and operate an Earth Observation Network for GEOSS A plan of advanced low Earth orbit satellites

  5. Earth Observation Summit, GEOSS, and GCOM • The 2nd Earth Observation Summit • Held in Tokyo on April, 2004 • The Framework for a 10-Year Implementation Plan • The Communique of the 2nd Earth Observation Summit • The 10-Year Implementation Plan • Gives guidance for establishing new Global Earth Observation Systems of Systems (GEOSS) by strengthen existing observation systems, establishing successor international mechanism. • JAXA will propose a series of satellites for establishing GEOSS mainly focused on observations of climate change for loss of ADEOS-II, in addition to ALOS for disaster, GPM for water cycle, GOSAT for carbon cycle.

  6. Global Change Observation Mission • GCOM consists of 2 satellite series: • Sea surface observation mission, so called GCOM-W, will have AMSR F/O and a scatterometer. • Atmospheric and terrestrial observation mission, so called GCOM-C, will have GLI F/O. • Each series will have 3 satellites with 5 years mission: totally covers 13 years (1-year overlap between consecutive satellites). • Middle size common bus system to improve reliability. • Being developed for GOSAT. • Common basic design with specific modules to fit each mission and improve the basic design. • Basically 1 mission (and/or sensor) as risk management.

  7. GCOM satellites • GCOM-W satellite • Sensors • Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) F/O • Scatterometer (under discussion) • Sun-Synchronous polar orbit, orbit height: 800km, swath 1400km, LTN: 13:30(tentative) • 2009 first launch is proposed • GCOM-C satellite • Sensor • Second generation Global Imager (SGLI) • Sun-Synchronous polar orbit, orbit height: 1000km, swath 1200km, LTN: 13:30 (tentative) • 2010 first launch is proposed

  8. Center Frequency (GHz) 6.925 10.65 18.7 23.8 36.5 50.3 52.8 89.0 89.0 Bandwidth (MHz) 350 100 200 400 1000 200 400 300 A B Polarization Vertical and Horizontal Vertical Vertical and Horizontal 3dB Beam Width (degrees) 1.8 1.2 0.65 0.75 0.35 0.25 0.25 0.15 0.15 IFOV (km) 40x70 27x46 14x25 17x29 8x14 6x10 6x10 3x6 Sampling Interval (km) 10x10 5x5 Temperature Sensitivity (K) 0.34 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 1.8 1.6 1.2 Incidence Angle (degrees) 55.0 54.5 Dynamic Range (K) 2.7 - 340 Swath Width (km) Approximately1600 Integration Time (msec) 2.5 1.2 Quantization (bit) 12 10 Scan Cycle (sec) 1.5 AMSR on Midori-II • Non-deployable, offset parabolic antenna with effective aperture size of 2.0 m. • Total power microwave radiometers. • High Temperature noise Source (HTS) and Cold Sky Mirror (CSM) for onboard two-point calibration. • Two feed horns for 89GHz to keep enough spatial sampling in along track direction.

  9. AMSR Sea surface temperature

  10. Oceanic geophysical parameters by AMSR Global Monthly Mean in April 2003 Total precipitable water Cloud liquid water Precipitation Sea surface wind speed

  11. GCOM satellites • GCOM-W satellite • Sensors • Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) F/O • Scatterometer (under discussion) • Sun-Synchronous polar orbit, orbit height: 800km, swath 1400km, LTN: 13:30 • 2009 first launch is proposed • GCOM-C satellite • Sensor • Second generation Global Imager (SGLI) • Sun-Synchronous polar orbit, orbit height: 1000km, swath 1200km, LTN: 13:30 • 2010 first launch is proposed

  12. chl a (1km) San Francisco ● 250m ocean GLI 250m RGB:22/21/20，2003.5.26

  13. Continuous observation by AMSR • Continue unique AMSR observation (high-res and global) and construct long-term dataset. • Reliable long-term time series of SST, sea surface winds, water vapor, precipitation, and ocean flux to contribute to the understanding, monitoring, and forecast of climate change. • Operational benefits include continuous measurement of cloud-through SST, frequent and quantitative measurements of storms to maintain precipitation forecast accuracy. • Overlapping period of consecutive sensors aids cross-calibration to establish stable long-term records. • Contribution to the GPM constellation.

  14. Basic requirements for AMSR F/O • Minimum modifications from AMSR on ADEOS-II to reduce risks/cost and keep the earliest launch date. • However, several essential improvements will be indispensable. • Improvement of calibration system including warm load calibration target. • Consideration to C-band radio frequency interference (RFI). • Combination with SeaWinds-type scatterometer is highly desired.

  15. Basic requirements for AMSR F/O • Antenna : 2.0m, offset parabolic antenna • Channel sets • Identical to AMSR-E (no O2 band channels) • 6.925(TBD), 10.65, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5, 89.0GHz • Dual polarization • Calibration • Improvements of hot load etc. • Enhance pre-launch calibration testing • Orbit • Afternoon orbit with 700~800km altitude • Mission life • 5 years goal

  16. On-going discussion • RFI mitigation at C-band • Considering appropriate center frequency around 6.9GHz (hardware mitigation may be difficult due to tight schedule). • Polarimetric channel for 36.5GHz • Only U or V stokes for 36.5GHz due to the limitation of feed and receiver packaging (difficult for 18.7GHz). • Redundancy of important channels • Lessons learned from 89GHz problem of AMSR-E. • 36.5GHz V/H channels are used in many retrievals. • Relationship to GCOM-C/SGLI orbit

  17. SeaWinds/AMSR combination • Scatterometer/Radiometer combination since SeaSat. • Unique combination still in NPOESS+METOP era. • Advantages • SeaWinds : Rain flagging and attenuation/scattering correction. • AMSR : Improvement of Tb model as a function of wind vector. • Application to Meteorology/Physical Oceanography • Ocean surface heat flux : needs simultaneous observation. • Simultaneous measurements of water vapor, SST, precipitation, and sea surface winds are effective for investigating various time-space scale phenomenon (MJO, typhoon, monsoon, ENSO, water-energy cycle, ocean circulation in surface mixed layer) • Synergism of active/passive measurement in other research areas are also expected. • Ice drift monitoring, detection of snow and ice melting, land surface sensing including vegetation and soil moisture.

  18. ↑ Provided by Dr. Frank Wentz of Remote Sensing Systems

  19. 10-12m/s 8-10m/s 2- 4m/s 4- 6m/s 6- 8m/s 12-14m/s SST: 25-30C PW : 36-38mm CLW:0.04-0.08Kg/m2 ↑Wind vector dependence of AMSR brightness temperatures by using AMSR and SeaWinds. Horizontal axis indicates relative wind direction by SeaWinds (0 degree corresponds to up-wind case), vertical axis indicates deviations of AMSR 37GHz Tb from that under calm ocean condition. Data of September 2003 were used. ↑ Provided by Dr. M. Konda of Kyoto University.

  20. Simultaneous measurements (b) (c) (d) (a) Snapshots of AMSR level2 standard product of (a) the latent heat flux, (b) the SST, (c) wind speed, and (d) the water vapor pressure in the East China Sea on December 20, 2003. Wind direction observed by SeaWinds scatterometer on QuikSCAT is superimposed by black arrows. ↑ Provided by Dr. M. Konda of Kyoto University.

  21. Continuity of Scatterometer • Ocean wind vector measurement continues for over 10-years since ERS-1/AMI launch in 1991. • METOP/ASCAT will be available in near future. Combination with GCOM-W scatterometer will increase time resolution (or coverage). • Wind vector retrieval by polarimetric radiometer is epoch making, but may need validation phase with simultaneous observation by scatterometer. • Scatterometer data are valuable in operational use.

  22. Summary • GCOM is being proposed as the follow-on mission of Midori-II. • Combination of AMSR and SeaWinds-type scatterometer is highly desired for GCOM-W satellite. • JAXA is proposing NASA to provide scatterometer for GCOM-W satellite.

  23. Backup Slides

  24. AMSR Follow-on Sensor Team In alphabetic order (FY15 members) : • Kazumasa Aonashi (Meteorological Research Institute) • Kohei Cho (Tokai University) • Naoto Ebuchi (Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University) • Yasuhiro Fujimoto (Fuji. Tech) • Keiji Imaoka (Earth Observation Research and application Center, JAXA) • Toshio Koike (The University of Tokyo) • Harunobu Masuko (National Institute of Information and Communications Technology) • Masashige Nakayama (Earth Observation Research and application Center, JAXA) • Tetsuo Nakazawa (Meteorological Research Institute) • Fumihiko Nishio (Chiba University) • Katsuya Saito (Japan Fisheries Information Service Center) • Akira Shibata (Earth Observation Research and application Center, JAXA) • Shuji Shimizu (Earth Observation Research and application Center, JAXA) • Haruhisa Shimoda (Tokai University) • Nobuhiro Takahashi (National Institute of Information and Communications Technology) • Yoshiaki Takeuchi (Japan Meteorological Agency)

  25. Necessity of finer spatial resolution • Particularly for lower frequency channels. • Spatial resolution of SST by 6.9GHz to resolve mesoscale eddies (10-100km) that affect maritime variation and are important for fisheries. In fishery applications, ships can move about 1-100km during a day. Goal of microwave radiometer would be 10km, but practical target is 25km. • 10GHz Tb are necessary to retrieve heavy precipitation. Finer resolution is desired comparing to the grid size of near future global model (20km). • Resolving smaller scale phenomena is needed for land use by using 6.9GHz Tb and retrieved soil moisture. • Decrease errors due to coarse resolution (e.g., beam filling proglem). • Promote cross-utilization with optical and infrared instruments by narrowing spatial resolution discrepancy.

  26. SST from GLI and AMSR 50km B A Detectable size of oceanic eddies are approximately 50km by AMSR observation. Ideal goal for AMSR spatial resolution is 10km, but practical requirement is 25km. This resolution will resolve finer scale eddies (e.g., areas A and B) and provide useful information to fishery.

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