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Civil War: 1861-1865

Learn about the crucial battles and events of the American Civil War, including the Election of 1860, Battle of Fort Sumter, Bull Run, Anaconda Plan, Shiloh, Peninsular Campaign, Antietam, Gettysburg, March to the Sea, and Lee's Surrender at Appomattox.

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Civil War: 1861-1865

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  1. Civil War: 1861-1865 Major Battles and Events

  2. Election of 1860 • Republican platform wants to restrict expansion of slavery • Democrats split: Northern (popular sovereignty) & Southern (slavery diehards) • Constitutional Union as mildly influential “compromise party • Southern Democrats vow to secede if Lincoln wins • S. Carolina secedes Dec 20th, 1860 (followed by 6 others) • Lincoln inaugurated March 4th, 1861

  3. Fort Sumter, Coastal SC, April 13-14 1861 • Lincoln’s message to Governor Pickens: • “an attempt will be made to supply Fort Sumter with provisions only, and if such an attempt be note resisted, no effort to throw in men, arms, or ammunition will be made without further notice, [except] in case of an attack on the fort”

  4. Fort Sumter Con’t • Confederate order to evacuate refused by Union • Bombardment commenced resulting in Union surrender • Lincoln’s call for volunteers to suppress insurrection led 4 addt’l states to secede; the war truly begins

  5. Bull Run (aka Manassas), vajuLY 21, 1861 • North hoped for a quick march to and defeat of Richmond to end war early • Neither side truly prepared for the reality of ”war” • Early Union advantages changed when Confederate reinforcements arrived by railroad • Picnicking families from nearby D.C. panicked & blocked Union’s retreat routes

  6. Anaconda Plan, Gen. Scott, 1861 • Idea to blockade Confederate coastline & thrust into MS River • Blockade put in place, but never significantly effective • Efforts to gain MS River lacked man power; not accomplished until mid-1863

  7. Shiloh, W. TN April 6-7, 1862 • Nearly defeated, Grant & Sherman held Union line for reinforcements; massive onslaught ensued brings Union victory • Confederates rerouted soldiers from New Orleans, NOLA fell to Union • Grant & Sherman emerge as national heroes • Lincoln regarding Grant: “I can’t spare this man; he fights.”

  8. Peninsular Campaign, E. Va, Spring 1862 • Union army to sail to peninsula between York & James rivers; attack Richmond from SE • Shows differences between each side’s new lead general • McClellan, pro-slavery Democrat, highly cautious & wants little bloodshed • Lee, anti-secession but “Virginian 1st”, bold & willing to accept causalities

  9. Antietam (Sharpsburg), N. MD, Sept 17, 1862 • Confederate invasion of the North… why? • Invade weaker north, win battle, force surrender • ”Cotton Diplomacy”: offensive win gain European recognition/support • Capture North’s capital, force a surrender • Raid Maryland’s farms for food; Virginia’s farms nearly bare • Significant fighting ultimately results militarily as a draw • McClellan fails to pursue retreated Confederates & is fired by Lincoln

  10. Antietam (Con’t) • Battle’s long term impact? • Blocking invasion viewed as “win” for North, rallies more support • “win” justified Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation • Who exactly does it “free”? • Shifts war from “preserving Union” to “eradicating slavery” • “Cotton Diplomacy” fails due to war now being about slavery

  11. Gettysburg, S. PA, July 1-3, 1863 • Confederacy attempts 2nd invasion of North • Hoped deep invasion coupled w. recent Chancellorsville win would result in Union surrender • Upon battle’s outbreak significant reinforcements rerouted • Intense 3-day fight brought significant causalities to both sides • Confederates retreat w/o Union pursuit • Vicksburg, Honey Spring & Gettysburg, considered significant turning point

  12. March to the Sea, Atlanta to Savannah, GA, Nov 15-Dec 21, 1864 • Sherman & Union efforts at “total war” to destroy South’s physical & psychological efforts to wage war • Burning crops, destroying infrastructure, killed livestock • Upon reaching Savannah, turned North to Carolinas to split Lee’s forces in VA & help efforts of Grant

  13. Lee’s Surrender, Appomattox Courthouse, VA, April 9, 1865 • Lee acknowledges inevitable & surrenders to Grant • Jefferson Davis captured in Georgia on May 10 • Brigadier General Stand Watie (Cherokee) last to surrender on June 23

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