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Combustion Aerosols: Formation and Properties

Combustion Aerosols: Formation and Properties. Washington University in St. Louis Dept. Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering McDonnell International Scholars Academy 2 nd International Symposium of Energy and Environment December 8, 2008. Richard L. Axelbaum.

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Combustion Aerosols: Formation and Properties

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  1. Combustion Aerosols: Formation and Properties Washington University in St. Louis Dept. Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering McDonnell International Scholars Academy 2nd International Symposium of Energy and Environment December 8, 2008 Richard L. Axelbaum

  2. Types of Combustion Particles • 1. organic carbon • 1 - 100 nm 2. soot black (elemental) carbon 10 nm – 1 µm 4. secondary particles formed by oxidation reactions of combustion gases w/ atmosphere examples SOx SO3- or SO42- NOx NO3- 3. residual fly ash from combustion of solids (coal, wood) 0.1 µm – 100 µm

  3. Carbonaceous Particles high EC content temperature soot formation 1000 oC pyrolysis (cracking) 600 oC condensation nucleation fuel vapor devolatilization high OC content 400 oC time EC – Elemental Carbon, OC – Organic Carbon

  4. Elemental & Organic Carbon Content EC – Elemental (black) Carbon, TC – Total Carbon modified from J. Schauer, J. Exposure Analysis and Environ. Epidemiology (2003)

  5. Soot Formation carbonization Bockhorn, H. (1994) Violi A, Sarofim AF, Voth GA (2004)

  6. Nanostructure of Soot amorphous graphitic R. L. Vander Wal; A. J. Tomasek, Combust. Flame 136:1-2 (2004)

  7. Soot Formation in Nonpremixed Flames Temperature Peak Temperature Location Soot zone Fuel Oxidizer Low Temperature Boundary High Temperature Boundary, C/O = C/Ocr P. Sunderland, D. Urban, D. Stocker, B.-H. Chao, R. Axelbaum, Combust. Sci. Tech. (2004) D. Du, R. Axelbaum, Combust. Flame (1995)

  8. Oxy-fuel combustion C2H4+CO2/O2 Tad = 2540 K C2H4/Air Tad = 2370 K • Soot-Free • High Temp. • Turbulent • Stable, unpiloted • Low-NOx • High CO2 exhaust concentration for carbon capture B. Kumfer, S. Skeen, R. Axelbaum Combust Flame (2008) B. Kumfer, S. Skeen, R. Chen, R. Axelbaum Combust Flame (2006)

  9. Fly ash particles J. Lighty, J. Veranth, A. Sarofim J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. (2000)

  10. Metals content in coal legend: regulated under Clean Air Act more concentrated in submicron fly ash Adapted from W. Linak, J. Wendt Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. (1993)

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