The Formation of Islamic Civilization

1. The Formation of Islamic Civilization

2. Born in Mecca around 570 Orphaned at a young age and raised by an uncle Married a wealthy woman at the age of 25 Became a successful merchant in Mecca Known for his sense of fairness and justice Viewed as a prophet of God like Moses and Jesus Prophet Muhammad

3. Muhammad • Reflected on the problems of society • A religious experience in 610 compelled him to rise and warn fellow Arabs • Gained few early followers and was met with hostility in Mecca • His teachings in the Quran were written in Arabic • The Quran is regarded by Muslims as the “Word of God”

4. Proclaimed a “judgment day” for every person Proclaimed a paradise or eternal damnation Required the worshiping of only one “true God” Required total submission to God’s will Proclaimed Muhammad to be a prophet in the line of Noah, Moses and Jesus The Quran

5. In 622 Muhammad was asked to resolve tribal issues at Yathrib His departure from Mecca marks the beginning of the Islamic community, or umma, and the start of the Islamic calendar Yathrib was renamed Medina, the City of the Prophet The Founding of Islam

6. The Practice of Islam • Must be honest and modest • Must abstain from alcohol and pork and fast in the daytime for one month per year • Must establish a worshiping ritual and perform worshiping rites (5) times per day facing toward Mecca • Must make at least one pilgrimage to the Ka’ba shrine in Mecca during their life

7. Aftermath of theDeath of Muhammad • Muhammad died in Medina in 632 • His death brought on disagreement as to who would succeed him as leader of the Muslims • Abu Bakr, a friend and companion, was made the first caliph • Bakr ordered the text of the Quran to be consolidated into a single volume • Islam expanded into Syria after local tribes were subdued

8. By 680 Islamic armies had conquered Mesopotamia, Egypt, Iran, northern Libya, Cypress and Armenia By 710 Islamic armies were raiding in the Indus River valley By 716 Islamic armies had conquered Algeria and Morocco and most of the Iberian Peninsula The Expansion of Islam

9. Factors in Expansion of Islam • Economic and military weakened state of Byzantine and Sassanid Empires • New Islamic vision of society and life • Islamic leadership maintained a desire to spread Islam • Possible gain of wealth through conquest • Religious zeal among Arab armies

10. Life Under Islamic Rule • Arabs offered conquered peoples security and protection • Arabs were tolerant of other religions and their practices • Arabs imposed a non – Islamic head tax on those of other religions • Non – Muslims must not interfere with Islamic practices

11. By the 11th century the western Islamic lands of Spain, Morocco and Egypt were the main Islamic strongholds These areas prospered while the eastern Islamic world was struggling with the Mongol invasions The western lands became the Islamic cultural center and “guiding light” The Division of Early Islam

12. Displaced by the Abbasids in 750 and migrated west to Spain Established the Caliphate of Cordoba in 756 Cordoba became a major Islamic cultural center The Umayyad Dynasty

13. In 929, Abd Al – Rahman took the title caliph breaking his alliance with other Islamic states Established the University of Cordoba, which attracted Muslim and non-Muslim students from across Europe Broke in to several independent kingdoms in 1031 The Umayyad in Spain

14. In 1086, the Islamic Almoravids of North Africa invaded Spain and reunited the Islamic kingdoms Were intolerant of other religious groups Displaced by the Almohads of North Africa in 1147 The Almoravids Dynasty

15. Established a caliph in North Africa and Spain in 1147 Spearheaded an Islamic cultural revival Introduced paper to Europe In 1248, a Christian army captured Seville, the last Islamic stronghold in Spain The Almohads Dynasty

16. Founded in Tunisia in 909 Conquered Egypt and North Africa by 969 Established their capital at or Cairo Were tolerant of other religious groups In 1171, conquered by Salah al – Din, a general for the Islamic Caliphate in Damascus Fatamids of Egypt

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18. Founded by Salah al – Din in Egypt in 1174 Soon conquered the areas of Palestine and Syria The Islamic power that challenged the European Crusades to the Holy Land in the late 12th and early 13th century In 1250, Aleppo fell to the Mongols The Ayyubid Dynasty

19. The 2nd generation of Muslims developed new ideas about Islam They focused on preserving, interpreting and applying the revelations of the Quran They sought guidance from the practices in Mecca and Medina Developed a common Arabic language based on the Quran The Growth of Islam

20. The Three Schools of Islamic Thought • The Kharijites, or seceders, were the most radical of the three schools • The Shia, or Shiites, claim a connection to Ali, the successor of Muhammad • The Centrists, or Sunnis, are more acceptant of others and have a less defined position on leadership and membership qualifications

21. Displaced the Umayyads in 750 Denounced Shiite ideas Moved the caliphate capital from Damascus to Baghdad A class division between the ruler and the populace was typical Recruited slave soldiers to form their armies The Abbasids

22. In 756 the Umayyad established an Islamic state in Spain In 801 an independent Islamic state was established in North Africa In 969 the Fatamid Shiite tribe gain control of Egypt The last Abbasid caliph was killed by Mongols in 1258 Breakup of the Caliphate

23. Established by Li Yuan in 618 Maintained many Sui government officials to run the government Changan was established as the capital Tang Dynasty

24. Office of Military Affairs oversaw all military aspects The Censorate regulated and reported misuse of government agencies The Council of State advised the emperor on a daily basis Government of the Tang

25. Diplomacy was the 1st option Repaired and extended the Great Wall Formed alliances with nomadic tribes in the north Used massive and expensive armies when all else failed Defense of the Empire

26. By 750 Manchuria and Tibet were main threats to China In 751 a Chinese army is defeated by Arabs in the west closing the Silk Road In 755 An Lushan leads a rebellion in northern China and captured Changan Decline of the Tang Dynasty

27. Trade allowed for ideas of culture, thought and religion from outside areas to enter China Arab and Iranian merchants became established in the trading centers of China Trade goods from Africa, Arabia and India were common at local marketplaces Buddhism spread and flourished Culture of the Tang Dynasty

28. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire the church remained as the only organized institution Local priest and bishops became local authorities The Pope took control of Rome The church retained many aspects of Roman government and culture The Rising Power of the Church

29. By the 6th century a question of doctrine began to divide the Church The division arose over the Arian Creed and Leo III’s ban on Christian symbols and images Eastern Church emphasized authority of the Bible Western Church viewed the Pope as its authority Religious Division of the Church

30. Born in 742 in modern – day France Came to the Frankish throne in 768 Assumed the role of Protector of the Pope By 774 had defeated the Lombards and Saxons Crowned Emperor of the Franks Christmas Day in 800 Charlemagne

31. Established the office of count and assigned them landholdings, or fiefs Counts were to maintain local armies loyal to the king, collect taxes and administer justice Counts became locally powerful and eventually independent Charlemagne’s Government

32. In 843, after years of war, the three grandsons of Charlemagne, Lothar, Charles and Louis, signed the Treaty of Verdun, which divided the empire The division of the empire under the Treaty of Verdun was the beginning of the modern states of France and Germany The Partition of Charlemagne’s Empire