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Spoken Formal and Informal Text

Spoken Formal and Informal Text. English Language Units 3 & 4. What we’re covering: Purpose Discourse Features Particles, paralinguistic cues, non-fluency, hedges Discourse Strategies Turn taking, topic management, politeness, cooperation Relationship between participants

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Spoken Formal and Informal Text

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  1. Spoken Formal and Informal Text English Language Units 3 & 4

  2. What we’re covering: • Purpose • Discourse Features • Particles, paralinguistic cues, non-fluency, hedges • Discourse Strategies • Turn taking, topic management, politeness, cooperation • Relationship between participants • Questions to expect Spoken Language: Focus

  3. The ‘function’ of the text • Social chit-chat, rapport talk • Informative • Persuasive • Transactional • Solidarity/inclusivity • Equality, group membership • Etc… Purpose

  4. Discourse Particles • Always has a purpose or meaning • NOT a filler • Acts to: • Prompt for backchannel • Signal topic change / topic loop / topic initiation / etc • Linked to the context – students must analyse carefully Discourse Features

  5. Paralinguistic cues • Vocal effects: • Whispering, vocal fry, laughter, sighs, etc • Dramatisation • Heavy intake of breath • Body language: • Shrugging, nodding, smiles, winks, etc. • Must be marked in the transcript Discourse Features

  6. Non-fluency features • Self-repairs (false start, stuttering, repetition) • Fillers (um, ah, er) • Overlaps (signals cooperativeness/lack of) • Marker of spontaneity • Hedges • Topic avoidance • Allows disagreement • Marker of politeness or insecurity • Examples: kinda, sorta, almost, I guess, etc… Discourse Features

  7. Turn taking • How are turns managed? • Who manages the turns? Why? • Significant overlap? Fighting for the floor? • Often turn-taking strategies signal power, authority, relationship, contextual rules, etc… Discourse Strategies

  8. Topic management • Topic shift • Topic change • Topic development • Topic loop • Topic avoidance • Look for discourse particles Discourse Strategies

  9. Politeness • Backchannels where appropriate • Use of honorifics/terms of address • Pauses to allow polite interruption • Acknowledging positive and negative face needs • Deference, camaraderie, etc Discourse Strategies

  10. Cooperation • No overlap/little overlap • Turn relevance places • Projection/projectibility • Backchannelling • Hedging • Discourse particles (yeah-nah, hedges, etc) Discourse Strategies

  11. Influences: • Politeness • Deference in particular • Formality • Prestige: overt or covert norms • Social distance Relationship between Participants

  12. Questions??

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