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Classification:

Classification:. Organizing the Unity & Diversity of Life. Why organize?. Since Darwin Known species increased to 1.8 million Millions more to be discovered Tropics & deep sea. Systematics. Science of naming & grouping organisms To understand diversity

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Classification:

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  1. Classification: Organizing the Unity & Diversity of Life

  2. Why organize? • Since Darwin • Known species increased to 1.8 million • Millions more to be discovered • Tropics & deep sea

  3. Systematics • Science of naming & grouping organisms • To understand diversity • To organize by evolutionary relationships • Taxonomy • Naming & grouping by criteria such as appearance

  4. Naming & Grouping • Naming: Genus species • Common names • confusing • not universal • Ex. • Cougar, puma, panther, mountain lion = Felis concolor Felis concolor http://www.exoticcatz.com/photoalbum/albums/userpics/10001/normal_cougar~0.jpg

  5. International confusion In UK, “buzzard” = hawk http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/ In US, “buzzard” = vulture http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2062/1895127243_b8956555d3.jpg

  6. Binomial nomenclature:(2-part scientific name) • Developed by • Linnaeus – Swedish botanist • You should know: • In Latin • In italics • 2 parts: • Genus • Group of closely related species • species • Description of habitat or important trait

  7. Ursus maritimus Ursus contains 5 other species of bears. maritimus means sea http://www.quantum-conservation.org/EEP/POLAR%20BEAR.jpg Ursus arctos

  8. Can you guess what Acer rubrum looks like? Acer = maple rubrum = red http://www.raveplants.com/images/wettolerant/acer_rubrum.jpg

  9. Taxa = ranking level • Originally, Linnaeus had 4 levels • Now = 7 taxa Kingdom King Phylum Phillip Class Came Order Over Family For Genus Good species spaghetti

  10. Then 2 kingdoms Plants Animals Now More kingdoms added as knowledge increases 6 kingdoms Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Kingdoms then & now

  11. Domains • Larger category than kingdoms • 3 domains recognized • domain Bacteria: Eubacteria • domain Archaea: Archaebacteria • domain Eukarya: Fungi, Plantae, Animalia, “Protista”

  12. Modern Evolutionary Classification • Darwin’s “tree of life” • Descent with modification • Phylogeny = grouping by evolutionary descent • Share more recent common ancestor • Clade = includes all species from common ancestor http://mikeely.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/darwins_first_tree_of_life.jpg

  13. Cladogram • Shows how evolutionary lines branched off from common ancestors • Branch point (node) • Speciation • Root • Common ancestor

  14. DNA in classification • Shared genes determine evolutionary relationships • Ex. • All Eukaryotic cells have mitochondria • Mitochondria have their own genes • Genes mutate over time • Shared genes show how recently organisms shared common ancestor

  15. DNA cont. • DNA makes evolutionary trees more accurate • Ex. African vulture-related more closely to American vulture or stork? • Molecular analysis suggests American vultures & storks share a more recent common ancestor than American & African vultures

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