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Plant Breeding and Applied Genetics

Plant Breeding and Applied Genetics. Ute Achenbach Summer, 2008. Course Objectives.

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Plant Breeding and Applied Genetics

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  1. Plant Breeding and Applied Genetics Ute Achenbach Summer, 2008

  2. Course Objectives Comprehend and be able to discuss how breeders meet their breeding goals today as opposed to several decades ago. This requires basic knowledge on classical breeding methods and an understanding on molecular breeding. Examples will be provided to emphasize the importance of genetics in modern breeding practices.

  3. Learning outcomes • understand the developments in plant breeding and the state of the art breeding practices (ornamentals vs. crops) • have some knowledge on the basics of genetics (Mendel, QTL etc.) and understand the idea and the potential of genetic engineering • have some understanding on the concepts of molecular breeding • have some (practical) knowledge to apply molecular markers for the identification of traits in the genome • be able to determine whether information from the internet regarding modern breeding methods are relevant and informative

  4. History and development of plant breeding (a journey through time) 13th May 2008

  5. Selected milestones in plant breeding 9000 BC First evidence of plant domestication in the hills above the Tigris river 1694 Camerarius first to demonstrate sex in (monoecious) plants and suggested crossing as a method to obtain new plant types 1714 Mather observed natural crossing in maize 1761-1766 Kohlreuter demonstrated that hybridoffspring received traits from both parents and were intermediate in most traits, first scientific hybrid in tobacco 1866 Mendel: Experiments in plant hybridization 1900 Mendel’s laws of heredity rediscovered 1944 Avery, MacLeod, McCarty discovered DNA is hereditary material 1953 Watson, Crick, Wilkins proposed a model for DNA structure 1970 Borlaug received Nobel Prize for the Green Revolution Berg, Cohen, and Boyer introduced the recombinant DNA technology 1994 ‘FlavrSavr’ tomato developed as first GMO 1995 Bt-corn developed

  6. DNA: nucleic acid that contains all the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms National Human Genome Research Institute by Darryl Leja

  7. Domestication: The process by which people try to control the reproductive rates of animals and plants. Without knowledge on the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring. • Plant Breeding: The application of genetic analysis to development of plant lines better suited for human purposes. • Plant Breeding and Selection Methods to meet the food, feed, fuel, and fiber needs of the world • Genetic Engineering to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of plant breeding. Prunus persica Source: Wikipedia

  8. Example: Peach (Prunus persica) • Originates from China • Introduced to Persia and the Mediterranean region along the silk route • Trade and cultural interaction

  9. Breeding objectives • Food (yield and nutritional value), feed, fibre, pharmaceuticals (plantibodies), landscape, industrial need (eg. Crops are being produced in regions to which they are not native).

  10. Note: Details among plant species vary because of origin, mode of reproduction, ploidy levels, and traits of greater importance and adjustments were made to adapt to specific situations.

  11. Conducting plant breeding • Traditional/classical breeding: crossing two plants (hybridization) genetically manipulating?? • Variability/ Selection • Recombinant DNA technology

  12. Scientific disciplines and technologies of plant breeding • Genetics • Botany • Plant physiology • Agronomy • Pathology and entomology • Statistics • Biochemistry

  13. Classic/ traditional tools Emasculation Hybidization Wide crossing Selection Chromosome counting Chromosome doubling Male sterility Triploidy Linkage analysis Statistical tools

  14. Advanced tools Mutagenesis Tissue culture Haploidy In situ hybridization DNA markers

  15. Advanced technology Molecular markers Marker-assisted selection DNA sequencing Plant genomic analysis Bioinformatics Microarray analysis Primer design Plant transformation

  16. Basic steps • Objective • Germplasm • Selection • Evaluation

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