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The Chemistry of Life

The Chemistry of Life. v Elements and the Periodic Table v Atomic Structure v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule v Bonding between atoms Covalent: non-polar and polar Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds v Chemical Reactions v Acids, Bases, and pH Functional Groups

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The Chemistry of Life

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  1. The Chemistry of Life v Elements and the Periodic Table v Atomic Structure v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule v Bonding between atoms Covalent: non-polar and polar Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds v Chemical Reactions v Acids, Bases, and pH Functional Groups Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA

  2. Carbohydrate Simple Sugars: Monosaccharides Glucose

  3. Polysaccharides are Monosaccharides Linked by Dehydration Figure 2.8

  4. Polysaccharides are Used for Energy Storage or Structural Support Energy storage: glu glu glu glu glu glu glu glu glu glu glu glu glu OR Structural support: glu glu glu glu glu glu

  5. Chitin is Made of Repeating NAG Molecules (Fungal Cell Walls)) Structural support: NAG NAG NAG NAG NAG NAG

  6. Peptidoglycan/Murein is Made of NAG-NAM (Bacterial Cell Walls) Structural support: NAG NAM NAG NAM NAG NAM pentapeptide links NAG NAM NAG NAM NAG NAM

  7. The Chemistry of Life v Elements and the Periodic Table v Atomic Structure v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule v Bonding between atoms Covalent: non-polar and polar Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds v Chemical Reactions v Acids, Bases, and pH Functional Groups Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA

  8. Monomers of Lipids: Fatty Acids and Glycerol Saturated fatty acid: all single C-C bonds Unsaturated fatty acid: one or more double C=C bonds

  9. Complex or Polymer Lipids Figure 2.9c

  10. Complex or Polymer Lipids Figure 2.10a

  11. Complex or Polymer Lipids (animal cell membranes) Ergosterol (fungal cell membranes) Cholesterol and ergosterol keep plasma membranes fluid and flexible

  12. The Chemistry of Life v Elements and the Periodic Table v Atomic Structure v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule v Bonding between atoms Covalent: non-polar and polar Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds v Chemical Reactions v Acids, Bases, and pH Functional Groups Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA

  13. Protein Monomers: Amino Acids (Peptides)

  14. Twenty Amino Acids Used in Polypeptides

  15. Linking Amino Acids (Peptides) Figure 2.14

  16. Levels of Protein Structure Disulfide bonds Ionic bonds Non -polar interactions Hydrogen bonds

  17. The Chemistry of Life v Elements and the Periodic Table v Atomic Structure v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule v Bonding between atoms Covalent: non-polar and polar Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds v Chemical Reactions v Acids, Bases, and pH Functional Groups Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA

  18. Monomers of Nucleic Acids 5’ 1’ 4’ 3’ 2’ ribonucleotide ribonucleotide 5’ 1’ 4’ 3’ 2’ deoxyribonucleotide

  19. Two Kinds of Nucleic Acids: Information Storage RNA: Single stranded Uses G, C, A, U bases Uses ribose sugar DNA: Double stranded Uses G, C, A, T bases Uses deoxyribose sugar

  20. The Chemistry of Life v Elements and the Periodic Table v Atomic Structure v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule v Bonding between atoms Covalent: non-polar and polar Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds v Chemical Reactions v Acids, Bases, and pH Functional Groups Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA

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