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Geology 512 ENVS 412 Introduction to GIS

Instructor: Glen Jones. Office: Bureau of Geology B93BOffice Hours 1:00-2:00 Mon and WedPhone (505) 835-5627Email glen@gis.nmt.edu. Text . GIS FundamentalsA First Text on Geographic Information Systems Third EditionAuthor Paul BolstadISBN: 978-0-9717647-2-9Price $40 Newhttp://www.bookmaste

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Geology 512 ENVS 412 Introduction to GIS

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    1. Geology 512 ENVS 412 Introduction to GIS Tuesday and Thursday 5:30 – 6:15 Libr 208

    2. Instructor: Glen Jones Office: Bureau of Geology B93B Office Hours 1:00-2:00 Mon and Wed Phone (505) 835-5627 Email glen@gis.nmt.edu

    3. Text GIS Fundamentals A First Text on Geographic Information Systems Third Edition Author Paul Bolstad ISBN: 978-0-9717647-2-9 Price $40 New http://www.bookmasters.com/marktplc/00729.htm We will start using the book in about 3 weeks

    4. Course Goals Be able to use ArcGIS 9.3 Understand Major Sources of Spatial Data Be able to break down and solve spatial problems Plan and manage a GIS Project

    5. Course Structure Tuesdays will generally be Lectures Thursdays will generally be Labs

    6. Labs 50% of course grade We will start with ESRI’s Online class Learning ArcGIS 9 Understanding Map Projections and Coordinate Systems Introduction to ArcGIS 9 Geostatistical Analyst Georeferencing Electives

    7. Lecture 50% of total grade 15% Midterm Test 20% Final Exam 15% Final Project Tests will include questions from labs

    8. What is GIS A computer-based system to aid in the collection, maintenance, storage, analysis output, and distribution of spatial data and information From Bolstad, GIS Fundamentals 1st Ed.

    9. What is GIS A collection of hardware, software, data, procedures, and personnel to collect, analyze, output and store spatial data. A system to analyze spatial data.

    10. Components of GIS

    11. GIS is a popular technology, but what exactly is it? What does it do? Basically, a geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool for solving problems. A GIS integrates information in a way that helps us understand and find solutions to problems. Data about real-world objects is stored in a database and dynamically linked to an onscreen map, which displays the real-world objects. When the data in the database changes, the map updates to reflect the changes. In general, people use a GIS for four main purposes: data creation, data display, analysis, and output. You can display objects according to the data in your database (this is a powerful feature that you'll appreciate later). GIS analysis tools allow you to do things like find out how far your best customers travel to visit your store, which land parcels are within a flood zone, and which soil type is best for growing a particular crop. Output options include cartographic-quality maps as well as reports, lists, and graphs. Many different definitions of GIS have evolved in different areas and disciplines the information is always geographic or spatial Four components of any GIS: input; storage/retrieval; analysis; display Used in a steadily growing number of fields/disciplines/projects Origins lie (way back) in thematic maps; manual overlay “GIS” refers to the application or the software; “doing GIS” refers to increasing number of things Need understanding of GIScience to do GIS work. GIS is a popular technology, but what exactly is it? What does it do? Basically, a geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool for solving problems. A GIS integrates information in a way that helps us understand and find solutions to problems. Data about real-world objects is stored in a database and dynamically linked to an onscreen map, which displays the real-world objects. When the data in the database changes, the map updates to reflect the changes. In general, people use a GIS for four main purposes: data creation, data display, analysis, and output. You can display objects according to the data in your database (this is a powerful feature that you'll appreciate later). GIS analysis tools allow you to do things like find out how far your best customers travel to visit your store, which land parcels are within a flood zone, and which soil type is best for growing a particular crop. Output options include cartographic-quality maps as well as reports, lists, and graphs. Many different definitions of GIS have evolved in different areas and disciplines the information is always geographic or spatial Four components of any GIS: input; storage/retrieval; analysis; display Used in a steadily growing number of fields/disciplines/projects Origins lie (way back) in thematic maps; manual overlay “GIS” refers to the application or the software; “doing GIS” refers to increasing number of things Need understanding of GIScience to do GIS work.

    12. What is GIS There is no generally accepted definition of GIS

    13. What is GIS Most definitions have these components Work with spatial data Have a database Have a way to link the database and the spatial data. Be able to perform spatial operations Intersect Union Overlay

    14. What GIS is NOT A computer aided cartography system A GIS can be used as a cartography system but it can be used for much more. A CAD system

    15. Data

    16. What is Geospatial data Geospatial data identifies the geographic location and characteristics of natural features, manmade features, or boundaries on the earth. For example: river, street, campus and state boundaries. Before GIS, geospatial data is expressed and stored in a paper map. With GIS, geospatial data stored in digital format. It actually includes geospatial data refers to feature location, and attribute data refers to describe those features or characteristics Attribute data is stored in a table (or attribute table), which links to the feature location

    18. Ways for Collecting GIS Data

    19. GIS Data Types

    20. Power of GIS - integration

    21. Provides powerful tools for - data process, analysis, and visualization - data management and retrieval One of the fastest growing high-tech career fields

    22. GIS growing very fast 1981, 1st ESRI user conference only 18 people 2007, 27rd …. 14,000 people

    23. GIS Applications Agriculture Archaeology Business Environment Geology Health Hydrology Land Information System Military Natural Hazard Management Natural Resource Management Urban Planning Many more …… GIS is used by many industries, including utilities, commercial businesses, law enforcement, transportation, health care, agriculture, and local, state, and federal governments. Industry is using GIS for things like natural resource management, land use planning, demographic research, emergency vehicle dispatch, fleet management, environmental assessment and planning, and much more. The number of GIS applications on the Internet is growing rapidly. GIS is used by many industries, including utilities, commercial businesses, law enforcement, transportation, health care, agriculture, and local, state, and federal governments. Industry is using GIS for things like natural resource management, land use planning, demographic research, emergency vehicle dispatch, fleet management, environmental assessment and planning, and much more. The number of GIS applications on the Internet is growing rapidly.

    24. Historical Development of GIS “Pioneer” research period (late 1950’s to early 1970’s)-- advances in computer technology Gov’t. Agency research and development (1970’s to early ‘80’s) Commercial development period (1980’s to present) 1. “Pioneer”research period (late 1950’s to early 1970’s)-- advances in computer technology; lots of theoretical work on spatial relationships and Geography (Quantitative Revolution) . Manual map overlay as a method was first described by Jacqueline Tyrwhitt in a 1950 planning textbook. Ian McHarg (1969) popularized the method of map overlay and interaction of “nature” and spatial analysis Canada GIS- started in the 1960s, CGIS is an example of one of the earliest successful GISs; Large-scale system still operating today; Development provided many conceptual & technical contributions; Roger Tomlinson, one of the fathers of GIS. a. Canada Land Inventory needed to classify land using: soil capability for agriculture; recreation capability; wildlife capability; forestry capability; shorelines; and present use; created 7 layers b. No previous experience in how to structure data internally; no precedent for GIS operations of overlay, area measurement; experimental scanner had to be built for map input c. Key ideas: vectorization of scanned images; data as “layers”; data separated into locational and attribute files Harvard Lab for Computer Graphics & Spatial Analysis- major influence until early 1980’s. SYMAP and ODYSSEY (forerunner of Arc/Info) 2. Gov’t. Agency research and development (1970’s to early ‘80’s) U.S. Census Bureau - Needed a method of assigning census returns to correct geographical locations; how to convert a street address to a geographic coordinate so that data could be organized into reporting zones & maps; 1970 first geocoded census DIME (Dual Independent Map Encoding)- precursor to TIGER (Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing system), for more information about TIGER from here http://www.census.gov/geo/www/tiger/. 3. Commercial development period (1980’s to present) ESRI and Arc/Info- In 1969 Jack Dangermond founded the Environmental Systems Research Institute based on techniques & ideas being developed at the Harvard Lab & elsewhere; ARC/INFO was released in the early 1980s. 1. “Pioneer”research period (late 1950’s to early 1970’s)-- advances in computer technology; lots of theoretical work on spatial relationships and Geography (Quantitative Revolution) . Manual map overlay as a method was first described by Jacqueline Tyrwhitt in a 1950 planning textbook. Ian McHarg (1969) popularized the method of map overlay and interaction of “nature” and spatial analysis Canada GIS- started in the 1960s, CGIS is an example of one of the earliest successful GISs; Large-scale system still operating today; Development provided many conceptual & technical contributions; Roger Tomlinson, one of the fathers of GIS. a. Canada Land Inventory needed to classify land using: soil capability for agriculture; recreation capability; wildlife capability; forestry capability; shorelines; and present use; created 7 layers b. No previous experience in how to structure data internally; no precedent for GIS operations of overlay, area measurement; experimental scanner had to be built for map input c. Key ideas: vectorization of scanned images; data as “layers”; data separated into locational and attribute files Harvard Lab for Computer Graphics & Spatial Analysis- major influence until early 1980’s. SYMAP and ODYSSEY (forerunner of Arc/Info) 2. Gov’t. Agency research and development (1970’s to early ‘80’s) U.S. Census Bureau - Needed a method of assigning census returns to correct geographical locations; how to convert a street address to a geographic coordinate so that data could be organized into reporting zones & maps; 1970 first geocoded census DIME (Dual Independent Map Encoding)- precursor to TIGER (Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing system), for more information about TIGER from here http://www.census.gov/geo/www/tiger/. 3. Commercial development period (1980’s to present) ESRI and Arc/Info- In 1969 Jack Dangermond founded the Environmental Systems Research Institute based on techniques & ideas being developed at the Harvard Lab & elsewhere; ARC/INFO was released in the early 1980s.

    26. History of GIS 2ed Century B.C. Ptolemy Creates one of the earliest known atlases 1592 Gerhard Mercator Published his famous world map 1669 Jean Picard measures a degree of longitude and discovers that the earth flattens towards the poles

    27. History of GIS 1858 Gaspard Felix Tournachon begins the field of remote sensing by carrying large format cameras on balloons 1854 Dr. John Snow Mapped cholera deaths in London and traced the outbreak to a contaminated well

    28. History of GIS 1960 Dr. Roger Tomlinson “Father of GIS” promotes the (CGIS) Canada Geographic Information Syatem 1966-1975 SYMAP, CALFORM, SYMVU, GRID, Polyvert, and ODYSSEY. 1970 U.S. Bureau of Census create the DIME data format based on CGIS and POLYVERT. DIME was refined into the TIGER format

    29. GIS History 1969 Jack and Laura Dangermond found ESRI 1981 ESRI release ArcInfo 1.0

    30. GIS History 1950 -1969 Vacuum tube computer 1952 all U.S. government statistical data processed by computer Late 1950s early 1960s transistor based computers developed Allowed processing of geographic data Output limited to tables

    31. GIS History 1970s 1971-1972 Microprocessor developed 1980s 1981 IBM PC 1980s Mainframes, Minicomputer, PCs Pen plotters available to general public 1990s PCs have enough power to run GIS Ink jet plotters available Internet and WWW Client Server GIS

    32. Computing Costs Processing and Storage 1961 $11,000,000 / GFLOP 1997 $ 30,000 / GFLOP 2000 $ 640 / GFLOP 2003 $ 82 / GFLOP 2006 $ 1 / GFLOP 2007 $ .2 / GFLOP Sony PS3 2009 $ .001 / GFLOP NVidia graphics card

    33. Product families of main GIS software providers Over 100 software systems claim to have mapping and GIS capabilities. Arcinfo released in 1981, and a major breakthrough came in 1987 with Arc Macro Language capability ArcGIS is the ArcInfo 8, released in 1999Over 100 software systems claim to have mapping and GIS capabilities. Arcinfo released in 1981, and a major breakthrough came in 1987 with Arc Macro Language capability ArcGIS is the ArcInfo 8, released in 1999

    34. Family of ArcGIS Desktop ArcView 9.x ArcEditor 9.x ArcInfo 9.x These products have the same interface and share much of their functionality. ArcEditor does everything ArcView does and goes beyond it; ArcInfo does everything ArcEditor does and goes beyond it ArcEditor can create and edit certain spatial data formats, but ArcView can not ArcInfo can edit more spatial data formats, with a ArcInfo workstation together We will use the ArcGIS 8.3 for the labWe will use the ArcGIS 8.3 for the lab

    35. ArcGIS 9 is going to releasing spring 2004. read this document (http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/fall03articles/serving-our-world1of2.html) by ESRI president Jack Dangermond if you are interested in. ArcGIS 9 introduces a comprehensive GIS development platform for deploying GIS functionality on both the server and the desktop. This advancement enables organizations to disseminate focused GIS functionality, such as geocoding, editing, and tracing to end users who are not GIS analysts. At ArcGIS 9, this development platform encompasses a set of products that contains generic GIS components known as ArcObjects. ArcObjects components have been the foundation of the ArcGIS 8.x Desktop products (ArcView, ArcEditor, and ArcInfo) for several years. With ArcGIS 9, these components will also be available in two new products: ArcGIS Server and ArcGIS Engine. ArcGIS Server is a GIS enterprise application server, while ArcGIS Engine is used to create custom GIS desktop applications. Together ArcGIS Desktop, ArcGIS Server, and ArcGIS Engine become a comprehensive GIS development platform for deploying GIS functionality anywhere. This approach of supplying a set of ArcObjects components for both the server and the desktop provides users flexibility, interoperability, consistency, and efficiency when building geographic applications at the project level, at the department level, or for the enterprise. Flexibility arises from the ability to deploy GIS functionality on the server (ArcGIS Server), in custom applications (ArcGIS Engine), or in commercial off-the-shelf applications (ArcView, ArcEditor, ArcInfo). Interoperability is the result of ArcGIS Server and ArcGIS Engine software's support of multiple operating systems, database management systems, and development environments (.NET, Java, and COM). Since the same generic components are used consistently on the server and desktop, solution builders become efficient as they gain experience with the ArcObjects development environment.ArcGIS 9 is going to releasing spring 2004. read this document (http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/fall03articles/serving-our-world1of2.html) by ESRI president Jack Dangermond if you are interested in. ArcGIS 9 introduces a comprehensive GIS development platform for deploying GIS functionality on both the server and the desktop. This advancement enables organizations to disseminate focused GIS functionality, such as geocoding, editing, and tracing to end users who are not GIS analysts. At ArcGIS 9, this development platform encompasses a set of products that contains generic GIS components known as ArcObjects. ArcObjects components have been the foundation of the ArcGIS 8.x Desktop products (ArcView, ArcEditor, and ArcInfo) for several years. With ArcGIS 9, these components will also be available in two new products: ArcGIS Server and ArcGIS Engine. ArcGIS Server is a GIS enterprise application server, while ArcGIS Engine is used to create custom GIS desktop applications. Together ArcGIS Desktop, ArcGIS Server, and ArcGIS Engine become a comprehensive GIS development platform for deploying GIS functionality anywhere. This approach of supplying a set of ArcObjects components for both the server and the desktop provides users flexibility, interoperability, consistency, and efficiency when building geographic applications at the project level, at the department level, or for the enterprise. Flexibility arises from the ability to deploy GIS functionality on the server (ArcGIS Server), in custom applications (ArcGIS Engine), or in commercial off-the-shelf applications (ArcView, ArcEditor, ArcInfo). Interoperability is the result of ArcGIS Server and ArcGIS Engine software's support of multiple operating systems, database management systems, and development environments (.NET, Java, and COM). Since the same generic components are used consistently on the server and desktop, solution builders become efficient as they gain experience with the ArcObjects development environment.

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