Winston Churchill

2. We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and the oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender. ...talking to the people of England/Great Britain as they prepare to go to WAR with GERMANY. Winston Churchill TAKS AP HISTORY EXAM Never give in--never, never, never, never, in nothing great or small, large or petty, never give in except to convictions of honour and good sense. Never yield to force; never yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy.

3. Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if we fall, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science. Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth lasts for a thousand years, men will still say, “This was their finest hour!”

4. Iron Curtain, the political, miltary, and ideological barrier erected by the SOVIET UNION after WORLD WAR II to seal off itself & its dependent eastern & central European ALLIES from contact with the WEST and other NONCOMMUNIST areas. It came to prominence only after it was used by former Britsh PRIME MINISTER Winston Chruch in a speech in the USA. In the speech he spoke of the Cummunists states in Europe, "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adreiatic, an IRON CURTAIN has dessended across the Continent."

5. Great Plains farmers What is a Cow CHIP? Adapated because of a lack of WOOD ? ? ? ?

6. Terrace Farming

8. The RISE of UNIONS With the rise of big business, workers lost all bargaining power with their employers. Since most work was unskilled, workers could easily be replaced. Employers dictated pay and working conditions. Some workers formed unions in order to act as a group instead of as individuals. The KNIGHTS of LABOR, formed in 1869, hoped to create a single national union by joining together all skilled and unskilled workers. The KNIGHTS proved to be too loosely organized. Skilled workers resented being in the same union as unskilled laborers. After losing a series of strikes (work stoppage or protest in order to obtain better working conditions), the Knights of Labor fell apart. The AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR (AFL) was founded in 1881 by Samuel Gompers. Gompers hoped to create a powerful union by uniting workers with similar economic interest. Unlike the the Knights of Labor, the AFL consisted of separate unions of skilled workers which had joined together into a federation. The participating craft unions limited their memberships to SKILLED workers such as carpenters and cigar markers.

9. The "second front" that the Soviet Union demanded from 1941 to take pressure off Russian troops was opened by --- • The 1943 invasion of Sicily & Italy • The invasion of North Africa in November 1942 • The Normandy invasion of June 1944 • The Battle of the Bulge in December 1944

10. Push -Pull Theory How does it explain immigration?

11. Push Pull Factors – Immigration/Migration It loosely states that migration can be attributed to push & pullfactors. Taking Poland and England for example. A huge amount of Poles have migrated to England.Why? Largely because of push and pull factors.Push factors are things that push the Polish AWAY from their HOME country (Poland).Pull factors are things that ATTRACT the Polish from their HOME country to the host country (England).They're sort of like advantages and disadvantages but relative to the country. It's the disadvantages in the HOME country and advantagesin the HOST country.Examples of pull factors - what England has to offer to attract/pull Polish migrants: - Higher wages- Better quality of life- More job availabilityExamples of push factors - what pushes Poles out of their home country:- Polish economy is weak- Harder to get jobs- Lower quality of life (The Country you Move to)

12. Immigrants have always come to the USA for a variety of reasons. Historians often divide these “PUSH” and “PULL” factors. A desire to escape oppression, poverty, religious discrimination or ethnic persecution“PUSHED” immigrants out of their homelands. A belief that America offered freedom and economic opportunity as well as ties to relatives already living here generally“PULLED” immigrants to these shores. They saw the USA as a land of unbound opportunities. Immigrants who fled oppressive regimes in Europe yearned to live in a democratic society like the USA.

13. The 1968 TET offensive by North Vietnam against South Vietnam and the USA resulted in --- • Cambodian attacks on U.S. military bases. • The Capture of Ho Chi Minh by U. S. troops. • The final defeat of North Vietnamese forces. • A loss of public confidence in the U.S. government.

14. The COLD WAR THE USA and the Soviet Union emerged from WW II as the WORLD’S strongest nations – the SUPERPOWERS. DEMOCRACY vs COMMUNISM The two sides had completely different political and economic systems, & each side tried to increase hits global influence & undermine the power of the other. Throughout the COLD WAR, the superpowers avoided open WARFARE because each side feared the TERRIBLE effects of NUCLEAR WEAPONS. The COLD WAR ended when the people of Eastern Europe overthrew their Communist GOVERNMENTS and the Soviet UNION broke apart into 15 independent countries. . . . . . the symbolicvictory and the AMERICAN WIN OF THE COLD WAR is evidenced by the FALL of theBERLIN WALL.

15. GOVERNMENT POLICY TOWARD AMERICAN INDIANS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY (1800s) THE GHOST DANCE 1. The dance was a SACRED RITUAL expressing a vision that buffalo would return and all the elements of WHITE CIVILIZATION would DISAPPEAR. 2. Fearing that the ceremony would trigger an Indian up-rising, the US Army attempted to stamp it out at the so – called Battle of Wounded Knee. 3. As many as two hundred Indian men, women, and children were killed in the BATTLE of WOUNDED KNEE on December 29, 1890. (violence is justified) Last MaJoR battle btwn the Indians and US Soldiers

16. CONTRIBUTIONS DURING WORLD WAR II A. THE HOMEFRONT 1. Native Americans volunteered to work in defense industries. B. THE NAVAJO CODE TALKERS 1. Fewer than 30 non-NAVAJOS understood the Navajo’s unwritten language. 2. Approximately 400 Navajos served as CODE TALKERS in the PACIFIC THEATER(against Japan). Their primary job was to transmit vital battlefield information via telegraphs & radios in their native dialect. They were able to save countless lives and played a key role in the BATTLE of IWO JIMA.

17. Communism Democracy Controlled by a DICTATOR The Government owns all property One political party Government controls the economy and wealth is distributed equally. Election of a PRESIDENT or leader by the people Private property is allowed Multiple political parties Relies on a free market economy or capitalism North Korea Kim IL Sung Kim Jong IL Kim Jong-Un Akihito Benito Mussilini Fidel Castro Akihito Raul Castro Emperor Hirohito 1929-89

18. The Channel Tunnel (French: (31.4 mi) undersea rail tunnel linking the United Kingdom, GREAT BRITAIN/ENGLAND with northern France beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover. At its lowest point, it is 75 metres (250 ft) deep. • At 37.9 kilometres (23.5 mi), the Channel Tunnel possesses the longest undersea portion of any tunnel in the world. • The tunnel carries high-speed Eurostar passenger trains, In 1996 the American Society of Civil Engineers identified the tunnel as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World. • Construction started 1988 and opened in 1994. Since its construction, the tunnel has faced several problems. Fires have disrupted operation of the tunnel. Illegal immigrants and asylum seekers have attempted to use the tunnel to enter the UK/Great Britain.

22. NATO

24. NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization is a military alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on April 4, 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium,and the organization constitutes a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party.

25. Warsaw Pact

27. Warsaw Pact Was an organization of communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. The pact was a Soviet initiative aimed at countering NATO. East Germany, Hungary, Albania, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, and the Soviet Union were the founding members. The treaty was signed in Warsaw, Poland on May 14, 1955. The treaty was an initiative of the Soviet Union and was in direct response to West Germany joining the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1955. As such, the Warsaw Pact was the Soviet-sponsored military-treaty organization and the European Communist Bloc's counterpart to NATO. It was similar to NATO in that there was a political Consultative Committee, followed by a civilian secretary-general, while down the chain of command there was a military commander in chief and a combined staff, although the similarities between the two international organizations ended there.

28. Important TAKS Terms Traditional Economy – Economic systems in which decisions are made on the basis of custom….Example: poor developing nations. Command Economy – an economy in which economic decisions (supply, prices, demand, etc.) are made by the government rather than by market forces…. Examples: communists nations such as the former Soviet Union & CUBA. Free Enterprise Economy – a system by which people can conduct business FREE of governmentcontrol except for reasonable regulations made for the public good…. Example: developed nations such as the USA. (Market Economy) Free to produce and sell whatever they want. Free to buy and use whatever they can afford.

29. Subsistence Agriculture The farmer produces just enough to support himself and his family with nothing left for purchasing manufactured goods. Market-oriented Agriculture Agricultural goods are produced in mass quantities with the intention of selling them on the market. CASH Crops Commercial Industries Business or industry that employs a large number of workers to produce goods in a factory. Megalopolis A region made up of several large cities and their surrounding areas. Cottage Industries Business or industry in which goods are produced primarily in the home of the produced for local family use.

30. Declaration of Independence, 1776, Thomas Jefferson, not our Govt. • 2. Constitution, 1787, James Madison, 1st 10 Amendments –Bill of Rights • 3. Civil War 1861-65 North/Union Wins Lincoln assassinated 1 wk later • 4. RED SCARE1st – after WWI, 2nd after WWII, Anti-Communist • 5. World War I 1914 – 1918, 1917-USA, Zimmerman Telegram, Lusitania SINKS • 6. Scopes TRIAL, Monkey TRIAL, Evolution vs. Creationism • 7. Great Depression 1929 Stock Market Crash, Banks fail, farmers lose Securities & Exchange Commission is formed to regulate the STOCK MARKET (SEC) • 8. New DEAL – first 100 days – Franklin Roosevelt passed legislation (15) to combat the Great Depression. • 9. Pearl Harbor – December 7, 1941, Japan attacks the Headquarters of the USA Pacific fleet in Hawaii, USA enters WWII. (list the reasons for a new nation- not our "document of government") Protect us from our GOVERNMENT (one cause of the Civil War - State's Rights... States wanted the power to decided slavery and not the federal govt.) (TV personalities and Movie Stars & Army Generals were accused of being Communist, 1940's - 1950's) Bible vs Darwinism World War II gets us OUT of the GREAT DEPRESSION.

31. 10. Battle of Stalingrad - GERMANS lose to Russia. To COLD, Geographyplays a role in Russia’s victory during WWII. 11. “D” Day – Americans, Britain's, Canadians land in Normandy FRANCE, (over 1 million men) open a second FRONT in the war against GERMANY-turning point in WW II – European Theatre of WAR. 12. Battle of MIDWAY – turning point in the PACIFIC war against JAPAN. AMERICAN defeats Japan & Japan fights a DEFENSIVE WAR afterwards. 13.Manhattan Project – Code name for ATOMIC bomb dropped on Japan (2). EINSTEIN most famous scientist on the project. 14. TRUMAN DOCTRINE – COMBATthe spread ofCOMMUNISM- by the use of MILTARY\TROOPS. 15. MARSHALL PLAN – COMBAT the spread of COMMUNISM – by the use of MONEY $$$ - to help rebuild countries after WWII Germany starts to fight a DEFENSIVE WAR. JAPAN starts to fight a DEFENSIVE WAR.

32. 16. COLD WAR after WWII to 1989, symbolic war of might & powerbetween the USSR and USA – America wins the SYMBOLIC war with the Fall of the BERLIN WALL in 1989. 17. Korean WAR – Communist North Korea vs. Democratic South Korea, USSR vs. the USA. ENDS in STALMATE – nobody wins. 18. SPUTNIK 1957 – RUSSIA (USSR) beats the USA into Space. 19. CUBAN MISSLE CRISIS 1962 – USA BLOCKADE of CUBA. 20. WAR POWERS ACT – Congress limits the power of the President in War – came about because of VIETNAM WAR. 21 TET OFFENSIVE – North Vietnam attacks the South/USA – 30 locations in one day 22. Vietnamization – USA to Slowly had over the war to South Vietnam- they/we lose 23. Pasteurization – super heat milk/wine to preserve, rabies vaccine 24. Jonas Salk – develops the POLIO vaccine. 25. Charles Lindbergh – transatlantic crossing, American/World hero BERLIN WALL 1961-1989 WE start NASA (we also start the National Defense Education Act...emphasis on Math & Science for High School students.) Embarrasses the USA at Home. Louis Pasteur

33. 13thDeclared slavery illegal in the USA 14th Gave citizenship to slaves and “DUE PROCESS” 15th Gave slave/citizens the right to vote (men over 21 yrs.) 16th Creates the Federal Income Tax provisions 17th Provides for the direct election of Senators 18th Started PROHIBITION 19th Provides women the right to vote (suffrage) 20th Term of President & VP to end on January 20th 21st Ends PROHIBITION Liquor is legal now 24th Eliminated POLL TAX as a requirement to vote 26th Extends the right to vote to 18 yr. olds 7th Trial by Jury Telephone, Internet, Computers aided by Satellites 1990-2010 1950’S Canals – early 1800’s Railroads – late 1800’s Panama CANAL 5000+ Lives lost Malaria & other diseases Cuts time to go around South AMERICA (Crime in the Roaring 20's/Jazz AGE) Henry Ford Assembly LINE makes MODEL T affordable to every one one color - BLACK (Vietnam War) Command Economy - Govt. controls the people; Russia, Cuba, North Korea Rosa Parks - Civil Rights Leader Jazz, Representative Suburbs, Interstate Highway, Elvis, Rock n Roll, TV, DRIVE - IN Theaters